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48 4 Study on dry ORC working fluids Fourth, the relation between the critical temperature and the speed of sound at the turbine inlet is studied. The studied working fluids can generally be divided into three categories: i) hydrocarbons that consist of hydrogen and carbon atoms; ii) siloxanes that consist of silicon, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms; and iii) fluorocarbons that consist of carbon, fluorine, and hydrogen atoms. The studied working fluids and their classification, molec- ular weight, critical pressure, and critical temperature, as well as the literature reference used for the equations of state in Refprop are listed in Table 4.1. Fluid Hydrocarbons dodecane decane nonane octane heptane toluene hexane isohexane cyclohexane benzene pentane isopentane neopentane cyclopentane butene isobutene cis-butene trans-butene butane isobutane Siloxanes MD4 M D6 MD3 M D5 MD2 M D4 MDM MM Fluorocarbons R365mfc RC318 R134a R227ea R236ea R245ca R245fa Chemical formula C12 H26 C10 H22 C9 H20 C8 H18 C7 H16 C7 H8 C6 H14 C6 H14 C6 H12 C6 H6 C5 H12 C5 H12 C5 H12 C5 H10 C4 H8 C4 H8 C4 H8 C4 H8 C4 H10 C4 H10 C14 H42 O5 Si6 C12 H36 Si6 O6 C12 H36 Si5 O4 C10 H30 O5 Si5 C10 H30 Si4 O3 C8 H24 O4 Si4 C8 H24 O2 Si3 C6 H18 OSi2 C4H5F5 C4 F8 C2H2F4 C3 HF7 C3H2F6 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 Classification linear alkane linear alkane linear alkane linear alkane linear alkane aromatic hydrocarbon linear alkane branched-chain alkane cycloalkane aromatic hydrocarbon linear alkane branched-chain alkane branched-chain alkane cycloalkane linear alkene branched-chain alkene acyclic alkene acyclic alkene linear alkane branched-chain alkane linear siloxane cyclic siloxane linear siloxane cyclic siloxane linear siloxane cyclic siloxane linear siloxane linear siloxane hydrofluorocarbon fluorocarbon hydrofluorocarbon hydrofluorocarbon hydrofluorocarbon hydrofluorocarbon hydrofluorocarbon M Pcrit [kg [bar] /kmol] 170.3 18.2 142.3 21.0 128.3 22.8 114.2 25.0 100.2 27.4 92.1 41.3 86.2 30.3 86.2 30.4 84.2 40.8 78.1 49.1 72.1 33.7 72.1 33.8 72.1 32.0 70.1 45.2 56.1 40.1 56.1 40.1 56.1 42.3 56.1 40.3 58.1 38.0 58.1 36.3 459.0 8.8 444.9 9.6 384.8 9.5 370.8 11.6 310.7 12.3 296.6 13.3 236.5 14.2 162.4 19.4 148.1 32.7 200.0 27.8 102.0 40.6 170.0 29.3 152.0 35.0 134.0 39.3 134.0 36.5 Tcrit Reference [o C] Table 4.1: Studied working fluids 385.0 (Lemmon 344.6 (Lemmon 321.4 (Lemmon 296.2 (Span and 267.0 (Span and 318.6 (Lemmon 234.7 (Span and 224.6 (Lemmon 280.5 (Penoncello et al., 1995) 288.9 (Thol et al., 2012) 196.6 (Span and Wagner, 2003) and Huber, 2004) and Span, 2006) and Span, 2006) Wagner, 2003) Wagner, 2003) and Span, 2006) Wagner, 2003) and Span, 2006) 187.2 (Lemmon and 160.6 (Lemmon and 238.5 (unpublished) 146.1 (Lemmon and 144.9 (Lemmon and 162.6 (Lemmon and 155.5 (Lemmon and 152.0 (Buecker and Wagner, 2006) 134.7 (Buecker and Wagner, 2006 380.1 (Colonna et al., 2006c) 372.6 (Colonna et al., 2008) 355.2 (Colonna et al., 2008) 346.1 (Colonna et al., 2006c) 326.3 (Colonna et al., 2008) 313.3 (Colonna et al., 2006c) 290.9 (Colonna et al., 2008) 245.5 (Colonna et al., 2006c) 186.9 (unpublished) 115.2 (Platzer et al., 1990) 101.1 (Tillner-Roth and Baehr, 1994) 101.8 (unpublished) 139.3 (Huber and Ely, 1994) 174.4 (Huber and Ely, 1994) 154.0 (Lemmon and Span, 2006) Span, 2006) Span, 2006) Ihmels, 2005) Ihmels, 2005) Ihmels, 2005) Ihmels, 2005) The following abbreviations are used for different working fluid groups in the figures presenting the results of the analysis: LA represents linear alkanes, AA acyclic alkenes, BCA branched-chain alkanes, AH aromatic hydrocarbons, CA cycloalkanes, CS cyclic siloxanes, LS linear siloxanes, and FC fluorocarbons.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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