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4.1 Thermodynamic analysis 51 fluids having a lower critical temperature, and thus, the temperature difference between the turbine inlet and condenser is higher resulting to higher cycle efficiencies. The low critical temperature hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons represent comparably sim- ilar efficiencies, and only slight differences can be observed between the different fluid groups. However, when using fluids with higher critical temperatures, more notable dif- ferences in the cycle efficiency can be observed when comparing fluids from different groups, namely the siloxanes, high critical temperature linear hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as the cycloalkanes. The cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons represent higher cycle efficiencies when compared to the linear alkanes having a relatively similar critical temperature. With siloxanes, the cycle efficiency increases only slightly, or even slightly decreases with some fluids, when a siloxane with higher critical temper- ature is adopted to the cycle. The results for a cycle without a recuperator indicate that the cycle efficiencies obtained with hydrocarbons and especially siloxanes are significantly lower when compared to the processes equipped with a recuperator, and the deviation in the cycle efficiencies of differ- ent fluid groups is more pronounced in the process without the recuperator. A significant reduction in the simulated cycle efficiency can be observed also with the fluorocarbons having the highest critical temperatures when comparing the results of the processes with and without a recuperator. The results presented in Figure 4.2a and Figure 4.2c show that the condensing temperature has a significant impact on the cycle efficiency and a higher cycle performance is achieved when adopting a lower condensing temperature. 4.1.3 Condensing pressure and expansion ratio over the turbine The process condensing pressure, pc, and the expansion ratio over the turbine, vt,out/ vt,in, were studied because these parameters were evaluated as important, especially when con- sidering the turbine design and type, as well as in evaluating the size of the process heat exchangers. The relation between the critical temperature and the condensing pressure is presented in Figure 4.3a, Figure 4.3b, and Figure 4.3c. The results indicate that a clear relation between the critical temperature and the condens- ing pressure can be identified. In general, the higher the critical temperature of the fluid, the lower the simulated condensing temperature when compared to another fluid of the same working fluid group. Siloxanes and high critical temperature hydrocarbons repre- sent significantly low condensing pressures, having values well below the atmospheric pressure, especially in the case of a low condensing temperature of 50 oC. The studied fluorocarbons represent condensing pressures above the atmospheric pressure, both with the high condensing temperature and the low condensing temperature. The use of fluids representing the lowest condensing pressures might lead to technical difficulties in the condenser design when a low condensing temperature is used, and thus, these fluids can be considered to be more potential for ORC systems that have relatively high condensing temperatures.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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