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52 4 Study on dry ORC working fluids 20 15 10 5 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 o LS T =50 C c o CS T =50 C c o LS T =100 C c o CS T =100 C c o AA, BCA T =50 C c o LA T =50 C c CA, AH T =50 o c C o AA, BCA T =100 C c o LA T =100 C c CA, AH T =100 o c C 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 250 300 350 400 o Critical temperature, [ C] o Critical temperature, [ C] (a) (b) 25 20 15 10 5 0 FC T =50 o c C o FC T =100 C c 100 120 140 160 180 200 o Critical temperature, [ C] (c) Figure 4.3: Relation between the critical temperature and the process condensing pressure with hydrocarbons (a), siloxanes (b), and fluorocarbons (c). Two different condensing temperatures of 50 °C and 100 °C were considered. The results for the relation between the critical temperature and the expansion ratio, vt,out/vt,in, over the turbine are presented in Figure 4.4a, Figure 4.4b, and Figure 4.4c. The results indicate that the expansion ratio over the turbine is higher when a fluid with a higher critical temperature is used, compared to the use of a fluid from the same fluid group having a lower critical temperature. The high expansion ratios over the turbine are observed especially when adopting hydrocarbons with high critical temperatures or siloxanes as working fluids. The high expansion ratio over the turbine results in a con- figuration where a large change in the flow area between the turbine inlet and outlet is needed. In addition, the use of fluids having a high expansion ratio over the turbine and a low condensing pressure leads to a large volumetric flow rate at the turbine outlet caused Condensing pressure, [bar] Condensing pressure, [bar] Condensing pressure, [bar]PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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