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54 4 Study on dry ORC working fluids 250 200 150 100 50 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 AA, BCA LA CA, AH LS CS FC o Critical temperature, [ C] 250 200 150 100 50 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 AA, BCA LA CA, AH LS CS FC (a) o Critical temperature, [ C] (b) Figure 4.5: Relation between the critical temperature and the enthalpy change over the turbine, Tc=50 oC (a) and Tc=100 oC (b). results presented in Figure 4.5a and in Figure 4.5b indicate that the relation between the critical temperature of the fluid with the enthalpy change over the turbine is almost linear inside each working fluid group, and the highest enthalpy changes in the range form about 100 kJ/kg to 200 kJ/kg can be observed with the hydrocarbons having a high critical temperature while the lowest enthalpy changes below 50 kJ/kg can be observed with the studied fluorocarbons and low critical temperature hydrocarbons. This can be mainly explained by the fact that the fluids having a high critical temperature have a higher turbine inlet temperature in the simulations when compared to the fluids having a lower critical temperature, and thus, the temperature difference between the turbine inlet and condenser is higher. However, the results indicate that the enthalpy change over the turbine is highly dependent not only on the temperature difference between the turbine inlet and condenser, but is highly affected by the group of the working fluid as well. The results show that the hydrocarbons represent a higher enthalpy change over the turbine when compared to a siloxane or a fluorocarbon having a comparably similar critical temperature. 4.1.5 Speed of sound The results of the relation between the critical temperature of the fluid and the speed of sound at the turbine inlet are presented in Figure 4.6. The results indicate that all the stud- ied fluids have a relatively low speed of sound (< 170 m/s). The hydrocarbons represent slightly higher speed of sounds when compared to fluorocarbons and siloxanes. The re- sults indicate that a relation between the critical temperature of the fluid and the speed of sound can be observed, and the high critical temperature leads into a low speed of sound, especially with linear hydrocarbons and siloxanes. The speed of sound of the fluid is an important feature to consider, especially when designing turbomachinery for ORC sys- tems with the aim to decrease the losses related to the supersonic flows in ORC turbines. Enthalpy change over the turbine, [kJ/kg] Enthalpy change over the turbine, [kJ/kg]PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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