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4.2 Turbine design considerations with different working fluids 55 AA,BCA LA CA,AH LS CS FC 250 200 150 100 50 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 o Critical temperature, [ C] Figure 4.6: Relation between the critical temperature and the speed of sound at the turbine inlet. When adopting fluids having a low speed of sound, rather complex turbine geometries have to be considered in a case when the flow velocity is limited to be subsonic, because the flow becomes supersonic even at low or moderate flow velocities. 4.2 Turbine design considerations with different working fluids Preliminary evaluation of turbine dimensions and rotational speeds with different work- ing fluids as a function of turbine power output was carried out to evaluate the suitability of different fluids in small-scale ORCs adopting turbine technology. The studied turbine type is a full admission radial inflow turbine, and the studied turbine power is ranging from 10 kW to 200 kW. The results for the turbine geometries with different fluids were obtained by using the non-dimensional design parameter specific speed Ns. The specific speed was set to 0.5 in the cases because this value enables the design of radial inflow turbines with relatively high efficiency according to the design charts by Balje (1981) and design guidelines by Rohlik (1975). The turbine isentropic efficiency of 75% and a tur- bine stator isentropic efficiency of 85 % were used for each fluid. The turbine efficiencies used in the simulations were estimated based on the previous studies on small ORC tur- bines by Verneau (1987), van Buijtenen et al. (2003), and Kang (2012). The absolute flow angle at the rotor inlet (α1) was set to 75o based on the optimum flow angle corresponding to the selected specific speeds according to Rohlik (1975). The design method results in a radial turbine having the non-dimensional parameter specific diameter of about 3.2, which enables high efficiency according to the Ns/Ds design charts by Balje (1981). The use of Ns and Ds can be used in the preliminary evaluation of suitable rotational speed and geometry of the turbine and in comparing different fluids. However it should be noted, that the use of Ns and Ds do not take into account the significantly large expansion ratios over the turbines when organic fluids are adopted. Thus, more accurate design of the tur- bine geometry and turbine efficiency predictions should be carried out by using accurate numerical methods, such as CFD simulations. Speed of sound at the turbine inlet, [m/s]PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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