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56 4 Study on dry ORC working fluids First, the turbine designs were carried out by using six hydrocarbons, three fluorocarbons, and two siloxanes to evaluate the turbine dimensions and rotational speed with different working fluids and turbine power levels. The fluids representing the highest expansion ratios over the turbine, mainly the siloxanes and hydrocarbons with the highest critical temperatures, were excluded from this analysis because a single stage turbine is consid- ered. A slightly lower reduced pressure of pt,in/pcrit=0.8 was adopted at the turbine inlet in this assessment when compared to the previous section in order to reduce the expan- sion ratio over the turbine. The condensing temperature of 50 oC was used, and the vapor was superheated by 10 oC in this comparison. The pressure at the rotor inlet was set to prot,in=(pt,in·pt,out)0.5 to have an equal pressure ratio over the stator and rotor, leading to the degree of reaction close to 0.5. Diameter ratios D2t/D1=0.6 and D2h/D2t=0.35 were used to estimate the blade height at the rotor outlet. Second, the results on the effect of degree of reaction and the effect of the turbine inlet pressure on the turbine design are presented and discussed. 4.2.1 Turbine design as a function of turbine power output The results of the turbine design with different working fluids are presented in the follow- ing. The design results that are independent from the turbine power are presented in Table 4.2, and the results for the cycle mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate as a function of turbine power are presented in Figure 4.7a, Figure 4.7b, and Figure 4.7c and in Figure 4.8a, Figure 4.8b, and Figure 4.8c. Table 4.2: Input data from the process design used as input values in the turbine design and the main results of the turbine design that are independent from the turbine power scale. Working pt,in fluid [bar] toluene 33.0 octane 20.0 cyclohexane 32.6 cyclopentane 36.1 isohexane 24.3 pentane 27.0 R365mfc 26.1 R245ca 31.4 R245fa 29.2 MDM 11.3 MM 15.5 The results presented in Table at the rotor inlet. The highest absolute Mach numbers can be found when Tt,in ηe ∆h [o C ] [%] [kJ/kg] 310.6 23.6 167.9 290.1 21.2 144.9 272.7 21.02 141.3 231.6 18.4 117.5 219.5 17.0 98.8 192.1 15.0 86.46 184.0 14.3 43.2 171.5 13.1 38.8 151.7 11.4 30.8 286.1 18.6 80.2 241.2 17.3 74.3 vt,out/ vt,in ,[-] Ma1 c1 u1 [-] [m/s] [m/s] t2 /t1 [-] 25.6 28.1 15.5 9.8 9.9 7.2 7.5 6.4 5.2 37.5 15.8 364.9 2.1 439.3 2.1 128.0 1.9 46.6 1.7 48.2 1.7 23.3 1.5 25.2 1.5 17.7 1.4 10.9 1.3 776.0 2.2 126.9 1.9 436.0 398.8 400.7 374.4 395.3 370.1 359.9 338.0 327.0 312.8 305.6 292.9 215.8 207.3 204.2 196.5 182.8 174.7 297.1 279.3 285.0 270.1 4.2 show that the designed turbines have a supersonic flow using siloxanesPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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