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4.2 Turbine design considerations with different working fluids 61 est turbine power range, and only slightly higher blade heights were obtained with the siloxanes and fluorocarbons. Significantly higher blade heights at the rotor inlet can be observed when turbines having a power output in the range from 50 kW to 200 kW are designed. The largest blade heights were calculated for turbines operating with fluorocar- bon R245fa, and the smallest blade heights were calculated for turbines operating with hydrocarbon toluene. The small blade heights at the rotor inlet are estimated to lead to difficulties in manufacturing the turbine flow channels, as well as to reductions in the tur- bine efficiency, caused by the tip clearance loss and relatively thick boundary layers when compared to the height of the flow channel. Shrouded impellers could be considered to reduce the tip clearance losses related to the small blade height. On the other hand, the ef- fect of the tip clearance at the rotor inlet on the radial turbine efficiency has been reported to be smaller when compared to the axial turbines(Dambach et al., 1999). The results of the turbine rotor diameters are presented in Figure 4.11a, Figure 4.11b, and Figure 4.11c as a function of turbine power. The largest turbine wheels are obtained with the studied siloxanes and with high critical temperature hydrocarbons, representing the highest volumetric flow rates at the turbine outlet, while the smallest turbine wheels are obtained with fluorocarbons and with low molecular weight hydrocarbons, representing the lowest volumetric flow rates at the turbine outlet. The largest turbine wheels were calculated for turbines operating with siloxane MDM, and the smallest turbine wheels were calculated for turbines operating with hydrocarbon cyclopentane and fluorocarbon R245fa. 4.2.2 Effect of the degree of reaction on the turbine design The results on the effect of the degree of reaction on the turbine blade height at the rotor inlet are presented Figure 4.12a, the effect on the blade height ratio t2/t1 in Figure 4.12b, the effect on the velocity ratio cu1/u1 in Figure 4.12c, and the effect on the absolute Mach number at the rotor inlet in Figure 4.12d. These turbine designs were carried out by using toluene, MDM, and R245fa as working fluids and a turbine power output of 100 kW was used. The degree of reaction was varied by changing the static pressure between the tur- bine rotor and stator. Based on the results a low degree of reaction allows to have a larger blade height at the rotor inlet when compared to a higher degree of reaction. In addition, lower variations between the rotor inlet and outlet blade height were observed based on the rotor blade height ratio t2/t1 when a low degree of reaction was adopted. However, the low degree of reaction changes the velocity ratio cu1/u1 at the rotor inlet and leads to higher Mach number at the stator outlet as well as results in higher relative velocities at the rotor inlet. If the velocity ratio cu1/u1=1, the velocity triangle is as presented in Figure 3.4a and is typical for radial turbines in which straight blades are used at the rotor inlet. If the velocity ratio is higher, the velocity tringle at the rotor inlet is as presented in Figure 3.4b, and if straight blades are used at the turbine inlet, the incidence angle of the relative velocity increases and might cause flow separation at the rotor inlet. Thus, curved blades could be considered at the rotor inlet in this case. In addition, the higher Mach number at low degrees of reaction introduces additional losses related to highly supersonic flow atPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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