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64 4 Study on dry ORC working fluids 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Turbine inlet pressure/critical pressure, [−] R245fa toluene MDM Figure 4.13: Cycle efficiency as a function of turbine inlet pressure. that higher turbine efficiency could be achieved with radial turbines when a lower pressure ratio is adopted over the turbine when compared to higher pressure ratios. On the other hand, the increase in the turbine efficiency should justify the lower cycle efficiency caused by the use of lower turbine inlet pressure. It is recommended to take into account both the thermodynamic cycle performance and the turbine design considerations when selecting the operational parameters and working fluid for the cycle. 4.3 Conclusions and discussion The aim of this chapter was to investigate and highlight the specific features related to the selection of the working fluids for ORC power systems from different working fluid groups that have been identified as suitable candidates for ORC systems and to study the preliminary design of small-scale turbines with different working fluids. The results show that the most important working fluid properties and ORC process parameters, namely the evaporating and condensing pressure, cycle efficiency, enthalpy change, and the expan- sion ratio over the turbine, are closely related to the group of the working fluid as well as to the critical temperature of the fluid. In general, when comparing different fluids of the same working fluid group, the higher the critical temperature of the fluid, the higher the obtainable process efficiency. On the contrary, the high critical temperature leads to a high expansion ratio over the turbine and to low condensing pressures, especially with siloxanes and heavy hydrocarbons, which are influential parameters on the process heat exchanger and expander design. The following conclusions were made based on the ther- modynamic analysis. -Hydrocarbons: 1) High cycle efficiency can be obtained with the high critical tempera- ture and high molecular weight fluids. 2) Higher condensing pressures and lower expan- sion ratios over the turbine are obtained when adopting lower critical temperature fluids, compared to the higher critical temperature hydrocarbons. 3) Higher enthalpy drop over the turbine is obtained when compared to a siloxane or a fluorocarbon having a compa- Cycle efficiency, [%]PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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