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66 4 Study on dry ORC working fluids cal temperature. -Fluorocarbons: 1) Comparably similar cycle efficiencies are obtained when comparing a fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon having comparably similar critical temperature. 2) A higher condensing pressure and a lower expansion ratio over the turbine is obtained when comparing a fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon having comparably similar critical tempera- ture. 3) A lower enthalpy drop over the turbine is obtained when compared to the hydro- carbons. The turbine design calculations were coupled together with the thermodynamic process design tool. As a result, a preliminary assessment on the design of supersonic radial tur- bines for the power level from 10 kW to 200 kW was carried out with six hydrocarbons, two siloxanes, and three fluorocarbons. The turbine main dimension and rotational speed as a function of turbine power level were solved by using a comprehensive comparison based on the use of nondimensional parameter specific speed. The studied siloxanes rep- resented larger turbine wheels and lower rotational speeds than the fluids from other fluid groups. The largest blade heights are obtained with the studied fluorocarbons and silox- anes. In general, the results indicate that the design of ORC turbines with a very low power output is difficult, because the turbine wheels tend to be small and fast rotating and especially due to the small blade height at the turbine rotor inlet. The small blade height at the rotor inlet is estimated to lead to difficulties in manufacturing the turbine flow chan- nels, as well as is estimated to lead to reductions in the turbine efficiency, caused by a tip clearance loss and relatively thick boundary layers when compared to the height of the flow channel. In addition, with fluids having the highest expansion ratios a significantly large blade height ratio between the rotor inlet and outlet was observed and might lead to efficiency reductions due to flow separation in the rotor. Thus, the use of multistage turbines could be considered with these fluids. The high rotational speeds over about 100 000 rpm are estimated to lead to practical difficulties in the design of the turbogenerator shaft, generator, and bearings. The results indicated that by selecting a low degree of reaction or low turbine inlet pres- sure, larger blade heights were obtained at the turbine inlet. However, the low degree of reaction leads to higher Mach number at the stator outlet, which increases losses, and the reduction in the turbine inlet pressure leads to lower cycle efficiency. As a conclusion, the selection of the working fluid highly influences not only the thermodynamic performance of the cycle, but in addition it has a significant impact on the turbine dimensions and rotational speed. Thus, it is recommended to take into account both the thermodynamic cycle performance and the turbine design considerations when selecting the operational parameters and working fluid for the cycle.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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