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5 Siloxanes as working fluids in mini ORC systems This chapter presents a study aimed at evaluating the use of siloxanes as the working fluid of a small-capacity (approximately 10 kWe) ORC turbogenerator based on the “high- speed technology” concept, combining the turbine, pump, and electrical generator on one shaft, whereby the whole assembly is hermetically sealed, and the bearings are lubricated by the working fluid. The selected application for the ORC in this chapter is the exhaust gas heat from a turbocharged diesel engine having a shaft power output of approximately 120 kW. The application was identified as an interesting one for mini-scale ORC based on the literature and when taking into account the large number of small diesel engines installed in stationary and mobile applications worldwide. Siloxanes were identifed as po- tential candidates for mini-scale ORCs based on the results presented in Chapter 4 when both the thermodynamic process design and the turbine design were considered. The effects of adopting different siloxane working fluids on the thermodynamic cycle config- uration, power output, and on the turbine and component design are studied by means of simulations. Toluene is included in the analysis as a reference fluid in order to make comparisons between siloxanes and a suitable hydrocarbon. As was concluded based on the results presented in Chapter 4, one of the most challenging features when designing small-capacity ORC systems is the design of an efficient turbine. The turbine efficiency can vary widely, and it is affected by many factors, like the oper- ational point, size, and turbine type. The maximum efficiency of the turbine is usually obtained using complex design techniques and turbine configurations, such as multistage turbines. From the economic point of view, it might be beneficial if the turbine had a rel- atively simple geometry especially in mini-scale ORC systems. However, the choice of the configuration is highly dependent on production economy and market conditions, as well as on the selected application. The sensitivity of the net power output to the turbine efficiency is therefore included in the analysis. A preliminary study on realizing a rela- tively efficient, simple, single-stage radial turbine with different working fluids and the preliminary design of turbine geometries for the selected application are presented and discussed in this chapter. The diesel engine and exhaust gas parameters are presented in Table 5.1. The exhaust gas enters the evaporator at the temperature of Ths,in = 431 ◦C, and it is cooled down to Ths,out = 210 ◦C. The outlet exhaust gas temperature is selected based on the assumption that the sulfur content of the exhaust gas is high and that the acid dew point of sulfur occurs at the temperature of about 180 ◦C. A safety margin of 30 ◦C is adopted. For the preliminary thermodynamic cycle analysis of the ORC system, the component efficiencies were set to specified fixed values for all selected working fluids in order to compare the thermodynamic cycle performance associated with the considered fluids. The main component efficiencies and process values used in the thermodynamic analysis are presented in Table5.2 67PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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