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72 5 Siloxanes as working fluids in mini ORC systems while MD4M and D6 provide relatively low pressures compared to the critical pressure. The recuperator effectiveness varies from 0.49 to 0.68, in order to maintain sufficient temperature difference between the heat source and the working fluid. Siloxanes MD4M and D6, the fluids featuring the highest molecular weight, imply cycles with the smallest recuperator effectiveness, while fluids with low molecular weight, toluene and MM, en- tail cycles with the maximum recuperator effectiveness of 0.68, both for Case1 and Case2. The volume flow rate at the turbine outlet is significantly high with siloxanes D6, MD3M, and MD4M, having high molecular weights and critical temperatures, especially in Case1, where low condensation temperature is adopted. In order to achieve subsonic flow at the turbine outlet, a relatively large flow area would be needed. As can be noticed from the results, most of the selected working fluids demand for low values of the condensation pressures in both Case1 and Case2. The lowest practical limit for the pressure in the condenser is considered to be 0.03 bar - 0.05 bar, according to some previous studies con- cerning larger scale ORC systems (Angelino and Colonna, 1998; Ferna`ndez et.al, 2011; Drescher and Bru ̈ggemann, 2007). MM and toluene exhibit feasible condensation pres- sures, both in Case1 and Case2. Also MDM and D4 processes feature feasible condenser pressures, with condensing temperatures typical of CHP applications. The use of the other siloxanes implies significantly lower condensing pressures and higher pressure ra- tios pt/pc between the turbine inlet and the condenser. The high pressure ratio might have a negative impact on the design of efficient turbines if a single-stage turbine is consid- ered. Low condensing pressure and high pressure ratio would lead to a complex turbine with multiple stages due to the large change in the flow area between the turbine inlet and outlet. Based on the results from Case1 and Case2, toluene and siloxanes MDM and D4 are con- sidered as the most suitable fluids due to the high cycle efficiency and power output, and comparably high condensing pressure. Also siloxane MM can be considered as a suitable candidate due to the high condensing pressure and low process pressure ratio, but the ef- ficiency and power output of the cycle is rather low compared to that obtained with other siloxanes, especially for Case1. It should be noted that these results are obtained based on the assumption that the turbine operates at a relatively high efficiency of 80 % with each selected fluid. Siloxanes D5, D6, MD2M, MD3M, and MD4M, with a high molecular weight and high critical temperature, have significantly low condensing pressures and high volume flow rates at the turbine outlet. These issues might lead to practical problems in the turbine and condenser design. These fluids can be considered more suitable in applications needing higher condensing temperatures than those selected in this study. In addition, the use of multistage turbines must be considered.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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