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5.1 Results 73 5.1.2 Effect of the condensing temperature on the cycle performance and process design As shown by the results of Case1 and Case2, the low condensation temperature gives bet- ter cycle performance but leads to practical problems in the turbine and condenser design, due to the needed high degree of vacuum in the condenser and the high volume ratio over the turbine expansion. It is therefore essential to study the effect of different condensing temperatures on the previously mentioned parameters. The effect of the condensing tem- perature, ranging from 45 ◦C to 95 ◦C, on the cycle performance and component design with fluids MM, MDM, D4, and toluene is studied and discussed in the following. The results presented in this section help in evaluating the suitable condenser temperature and comparing the cycle performance depending on various condensation temperatures. It should be noted that pressure losses are not included in the calculations. The effect of the condensation temperature, Tc, on the net electric power output, Pe,net is presented in Figure 5.4a and on the net electric efficiency in Figure 5.4b. 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 T , °C c MM D4 toluene MDM 24 22 20 18 16 14 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 T , °C c MM D4 toluene MDM (a) (b) Figure 5.4: The effect of the condensation temperature, Tc, on the net electric power output, Pe,net (a) and on the net electric efficiency, ηe,net (b) (pressure losses are neglected). Based on the results presented in Figure 5.4a and in Figure 5.4b, toluene gives the high- est and MM the lowest power output and efficiency, with both high and low condensing temperatures. D4 provides a higher performance than MDM with low temperatures in the condenser, but similar power outputs with high condensing temperatures. The net elec- tric power output and efficiency display a linear trend as a function of the condensation temperature, if other process parameters are kept constant. In ORC processes with D4 and MDM as working fluid, the increase in condensing temperature lowers the recupera- tor effectiveness, so that a sufficient temperature difference at the evaporator cold end is maintained. This causes a reduction in the system power output, especially with D4, if high condensing temperatures are imposed. Figure 5.4a and Figure 5.4b show this effect, P , kW e,net η ,% e,netPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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