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5.1 Results 75 The condensing pressure calculated for the toluene and MM processes is above the con- sidered minimum practical limit of 0.03 bar - 0.05 bar, at both high and low condensing temperatures. The condensing pressures are slightly below the mentioned technological limit if D4 and MDM with low condensing temperatures are considered. High condens- ing temperature should therefore be selected with these two fluids. However, in small- capacity applications, it might be possible to adopt a slightly lower condenser pressure, due to smaller surfaces exposed to the pressure difference with the environment. 5.1.3 Turbine design considerations In all the process calculations (Case1 and Case2), the turbine efficiency was assumed to be 80 %, independently of the working fluid. It should be noted that an isentropic turbine efficiency of 80 % might not be achievable with small-capacity turbomachinery, and that achieving high turbine efficiency with some of the selected fluids would require complex turbine geometries with multiple stages. It is therefore relevant to study the sensitivity of overall conversion efficiency depending on turbine efficiency. The effect of the turbine efficiency on the net electric power output for Case1 is presented in Figure 5.6. 16 14 12 10 8 65 70 75 80 85 90 η, % t MM Case1 D4 Case1 MDM Case1 toluene Case1 Figure 5.6: The effect of the turbine efficiency, ηt on the electric power output, Pe,net. As can be noticed from Figure 5.6, the net power output varies linearly with the turbine efficiency, if other process parameters are kept constant. High power outputs are achieved with toluene even with relatively low turbine efficiencies when compared to the selected siloxanes. The selection of the working fluid should be based on the overall performance, rather than solely on the optimization of the turbine efficiency. Small improvement in the turbine efficiency might not be economically feasible if more complex turbine geometry is required to achieve the increase in the turbine efficiency. Thus, the use of a simple turbine geometry might be well justified since the power output seems to be rather insensitive to small reductions in the turbine efficiency. However, it should be noted that with lower P , kW e,netPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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