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76 5 Siloxanes as working fluids in mini ORC systems turbine efficiencies the working fluid mass flow rate and the heat rate to the condenser is slightly higher, leading to larger heat transfer areas for the heat exchangers. Preliminary and simplified single-stage radial turbine designs were performed, using the values from the process design calculations (Case1 and Case2) for MDM, D4, MM, and toluene. The main results are presented in Table 5.5. The turbine geometry was de- termined by assuming full-admission, by setting the turbine specific speed equal to 0.6 and by assuming the same isentropic enthalpy change over the rotor and stator leading to turbine design having a degree of reaction of about 0.5. The turbine diffuser was not accounted for in this preliminary turbine assessment. Table 5.5: Main results of the preliminary radial turbine rotor design. n[rpm] Din [mm] Dout,tip [mm] tin,rot [mm] tout,rot [mm] Pt [kW] MDM D4 MM toluene Case1 Case2 Case1 Case2 Case1 Case2 Case1 Case2 36400 63400 22700 47200 82500 114000 119000 182300 156 74 109 52 1.2 1.4 37.1 17.6 12.4 9.7 243 99 67 40 170 69 47 28 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.3 57.8 23.6 15.9 9.4 13.2 9.6 12.0 9.3 71 40 50 28 0.7 0.8 16.9 9.5 16.0 13.3 As was shown in Table 5.5, comparably larger rotor wheel diameters, larger blade heights at the rotor outlet, and lower rotational speeds are achieved with fluids MDM and D4, which have a high molecular weight. Comparably smaller wheel diameters and higher ro- tational speeds are required with toluene and MM, having lower molecular weights than D4 and MDM. As can be noticed from Table5.5, the blade heights at the rotor inlet are significantly small with all the selected fluids. Toluene requires the smallest blade height, between 0.7 mm - 0.8 mm, while MDM allows for the largest blade height, between 1.2 mm - 1.4 mm. A small blade height in the turbine stator and rotor inlet might lead to low turbine efficien- cies and practical problems in turbine manufacturing and operation. To increase the blade height at the rotor inlet and in the stator, lower turbine inlet pressures, lower degree of reaction, or partial admission turbines could be considered. However, the lower turbine inlet pressure would lead to lower cycle efficiency, lower degree of reaction would lead to higher Mach number at the rotor inlet, which would lower the efficiency, and in general, partial admission turbines represent lower effciency when compared to full admission tur- bines. The evaluation of the achievable turbine efficiency would require a more detailed analysis, due to the lack of practical experience with this type of small-capacity ORC turbomachinery.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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