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5.2 Conclusions and discussion 77 A significant difference in the turbine geometry can be observed between the results of Case1 and Case2. Larger wheel diameters and lower rotational speeds are achieved in Case1, where low condensing temperature of 50 ◦C is used. In Case2, where the higher condensing temperature of 90 ◦C is imposed, the turbine wheels are smaller and the ro- tational speeds are higher. The higher condensing temperature also results in a slight increase of the blade height at the rotor inlet. 5.2 Conclusions and discussion The suitability of eight siloxanes as working fluids for a small-capacity ORC system based on high-speed turbogenerator technology is presented and analyzed. Toluene is included in the analysis as a reference fluid to make comparisons between siloxanes and a suitable hydrocarbon having a lower molecular weight than siloxanes. The considered application is the heat recovery from the high-temperature exhaust of a 120 kW turbocharged diesel engine. The thermodynamic process calculations were performed assuming a condensa- tion temperature of 50 ◦C and also with an higher condensing temperature of 90 ◦C. The most suitable fluids were evaluated based on the net power output, condensing pressure, volume flow rate at the turbine outlet, and pressure ratio between the turbine inlet and condenser. Preliminary radial turbine designs were presented and analyzed for four se- lected fluids. The highest simulated power output of 13.1 kW was achieved with toluene. Among the siloxanes, D4 gives the highest simulated power output of 10.9 kW. Comparably high conversion performances were achieved also with siloxanes D5 and MD2M. It should be noted that these results were obtained based on the assumption that the turbine operates at a relatively high efficiency of 80 % with each considered working fluid. One remarkable feature is that siloxanes MD2M, MD3M, MD4M, D5, and D6, having a high molecular weight, and therefore high values of critical temperature and low values of the critical pressure, demand for significantly low condensing pressures, which leads to high pressure and volume ratios over the turbine and to large volume flows at the turbine outlet. Based on the process calculations and on the turbine preliminary designs, as well as on the feasibility evaluation, D4, MM, MDM, and toluene were considered as the most suitable working fluids. The results show that the net electric power output of the analyzed small-capacity ORC systems is rather insensitive to small changes of the turbine isentropic efficiency. There- fore, the selection of the working fluid should be based on the optimization of the overall performance of the ORC system, rather than only on the optimal design of the turbine. The turbine type considered in this study was a single-stage full-admission radial turbine. The results from the preliminary radial turbine design calculations show that a larger wheel diameter, larger blade heights at the rotor outlet, and lower rotational speeds are achieved with fluids MDM and D4, having relatively high molecular complexity. The use of toluene and MM as working fluids would require smaller turbines with high rotationPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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