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98 7 Waste heat recovery of large scale reciprocating engine Table 7.1: Component efficiencies and process specifications used in the process calculations. turbine isentropic efficiency generator and mechanical efficiency feed pump efficiency feed pump motor efficiency degree of superheating recuperator effectiveness miscellaneous power consumption 80 % 90 % 60 % 85 % 10 ◦C 0.6 - 2 % Toluene, n-pentane, R245fa, and cyclohexane were selected as the working fluids. The fluid selection was based on the suitable thermodynamic characteristics of the fluids, in- cluding dry expansion in the turbine, relatively high cycle performance, and the critical temperature close to the studied waste heat source temperatures. A simplified feasibil- ity evaluation was included by comparing the ratio of the theoretical heat transfer areas needed and the obtained power output of ORC processes, as suggested by Madhava Het- tiarachchi et al. (2007). A case study of waste heat utilization for a 16.6 MW gas-fired engine was carried out. Finally, experimental results of charge air heat utilization are presented. 7.1 Results of thermodynamic analysis 7.1.1 Exhaust gas heat utilization The exhaust gas heat utilization analysis was performed using exhaust gas temperatures of 300 ◦ C, 350 ◦ C, and 400 ◦ C, typical for large-scale turbocharged engines. The re- sults of the ORC process power outputs are presented in Figure 7.2a, Figure 7.2b and Figure 7.2c. The results indicate that the fluids with higher critical temperature, namely toluene and cyclohexane, represent a significantly higher performance than lower critical temperature fluids, n-pentane and R245fa. The highest power output Pe,net/qm,EG = 71.6 kW/kg/s was achieved with toluene for EG inlet temperature of 400 ◦C and Pe,net/qm,EG = 51.8 kW/kg/s and 34.8 kW/kg/s with cyclohexane for EG inlet temperatures of 350 ◦C and 300 ◦C. As can be observed from the results, the obtained power output increases as the exhaust gas outlet temperature decreases or exhaust gas inlet temperature increases. This can be explained by a larger amount of heat utilized in the evaporator. The power outputs for the selected fluids represent a linear behavior with different exhaust gas outlet temperatures if a sufficient temperature difference is maintained in the evaporator with the highest allowed pressure pev/pcr=0.95 of the fluid. With the exhaust gas inlet tem- perature of 300 ◦C or low exhaust gas outlet temperatures, the evaporation pressure has to be lowered with fluids toluene and cyclohexane, to maintain a sufficient temperature difference in the evaporator. This can be observed as a change in the slope of the curve in Figure 7.2a, Figure 7.2b and Figure 7.2c. The fluids with a high critical point, toluene and cyclohexane, can be better matched to the exhaust gas temperature than the fluids R245faPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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