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100 7 Waste heat recovery of large scale reciprocating engine 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Relative heat rate,[%] exhaust gas toluene R245fa cyclohexane n−pentane Figure 7.3: An example of temperature profiles in the evaporator in 350 ◦C exhaust gas utilization. maximum power output is desired. The working fluids with lower critical point, namely R245fa and n-pentane, introduce smaller ratios with low EG inlet temperatures and low EG outlet temperatures when compared to toluene and cyclohexane. It should be noted that if a fuel with relatively high sulfur content is used in the reciprocat- ing engine, the exhaust outlet temperature should be limited above the acid dew point of the exhaust gases, to prevent the corrosive effects from occurring in the ORC evaporator and in the exhaust smoke stack. 7.1.2 Charge air heat utilization In modern industrial diesel and gas engines, high pressure ratios are typically adopted for the turbocharger to improve the engine efficiency and increase the power output. The turbocharger pressure ratio highly affects the charge air outlet temperature after the tur- bocharger compressor, and thus, the turbocharger pressure ratio has a major impact on waste heat recovery potential from the charge air. The charge air temperature range used in this study is 180 ◦C-220 ◦C, which corresponds to the engine turbocharger pressure ratios in the range from 3.5 to 4.5. The results for ORC net power outputs are presented in Figure 7.5a, Figure 7.5b, and Figure 7.5c. The highest power outputs of Pe,net/qm,CA = 16.2 kW/kg/s, 11.6 kW/kg/s, and 7.7 kW/kg/s with CA inlet temperatures of 220 ◦C, 200 ◦C, and 180 ◦C were obtained with working fluid R245fa. Based on the results, R245fa and n-pentane introduce the highest performance with low CA outlet tempera- tures and toluene and cyclohexane with high CA outlet temperatures. The peak value for the power output can be found for different working fluids with different charge air outlet temperatures. The working fluid R245fa reaches the pressure limit of pev/pcr=0.95 with high charge air outlet temperatures. With low charge air outlet temperatures the evapora- tor pressure level is lower to maintain a sufficient pinch-point temperature difference in the evaporator. This can be observed as a change in the slope of the curve with R245fa in Figure 7.5a, Figure 7.5b, and Figure 7.5c. o Temperature, [ C]PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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