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7.3 Conclusions and discussion 115 Fluids with higher critical temperature, toluene, and cyclohexane, introduced the high- est power outputs in exhaust gas heat recovery. Fluids with lower critical temperature, R245fa and n-pentane, introduced the highest performances in charge air heat utilization, especially with low charge air outlet temperatures. The ORC process performance is also highly dependent on the heat source temperature, pinch-point temperature difference in the evaporator, and the condensing temperature used in the process. The power output increases if a smaller temperature differences are allowed in the heat exchangers, but on the other hand, larger heat transfer areas are needed in the processes. The results show that the selection of the working fluid and the process parameters should not be based only on maximizing the power output of the ORC system, but also considering the eco- nomic feasibility of the process, by evaluating the ratio of heat transfer area needed and the power output of the process. The results for the ratio between theoretical heat transfer areas and power output show that the exhaust gas utilization would give approximately 2-4 times smaller heat transfer area per produced kW when compared to charge air heat utilization. In charge air heat utilization, relatively large heat transfer areas are needed compared to the electric power output achieved, leading to economically more unfeasible processes. A more detailed analysis should be carried out by taking into account more accurate heat transfer coefficients for each fluid and adopting the effects of using different heat exchanger types. In addition, a cost function based on the estimated heat exchange area could be used in the future studies to evaluate the economic feasibility of the pro- cesses in more detail. The utilization of charge air heat was studied with an experimental setup. R245fa and isopentane were adopted as working fluids in the test runs. The test runs indicated that the measured performance of the evaporator and other process components had a good agreement in respect to the thermodynamic cycle design. Based on the measurements and calculations for the ORC power output with a system having the pressure reduction system replaced with a turbine-generator, achievable power increase in the engine system of 2.0 % was evaluated when a condensing temperature of 30 ◦C was used and 1.7 % was evaluated when a condensing temperature of 40 ◦C was used. The results for power output are comparably similar with both R245fa and isopentane.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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