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8 Summary and recommendations Demand for the use of energy systems, entailing high efficiency as well as availability to harness renewable energy sources, is a key issue in tackling the threat of global warming and saving natural resources. ORC technology has been identified as one of the most promising technologies in recovering low-grade heat sources that cannot be efficiently utilized by means of more conventional power systems. The ORC is based on the work- ing principle of Rankine process, but an organic working fluid is adopted in the cycle instead of steam. In this thesis, the design and working fluid selection in small and micro-scale ORCs based on turbine technology were studied. The effect of adopting different working fluids on the process design and performance was studied first by means of thermodynamic analysis, and the effect of the critical temperature and the group of the working fluid on the fluid selection was highlighted. In addition to the working fluid selection and cycle design by thermodynamic analysis, this thesis investigated the design of high-speed turbines for small-scale ORCs. Two main applications were selected for the study. First, the exhaust gas heat recovery from small-scale diesel engines, which can be found in numerous appli- cations, such as in remote stationary power systems and in mobile vehicles, concentrating mainly on the working fluid selection and turbine design, and second, the heat recov- ery from industrial-scale power plant engines, concentrating mainly on the utilization of charge air and exhaust gas heat as well as on the optimization of the waste heat recovery processes. The results obtained from the preliminary thermodynamic analysis with various working fluids for processes having the evaporation pressure close to the critical pressure of the fluid indicated that the critical temperature, molecular weight and the group of the work- ing fluid highly influences the obtainable cycle efficiency, process operational parameters, and turbine design. The studied fluids can be divided into three categories; hydrocarbons, siloxanes, and fluorocarbons. The studied parameters were the cycle efficiency, condens- ing pressure, process expansion ratio, enthalpy change over the turbine, and speed of sound. In general, when comparing different fluids of the same working fluid group, the higher the critical temperature and molecular weight of the fluid, the higher the obtain- able process efficiency. On the contrary, the high critical temperature leads to a high expansion ratio over the turbine and to low condensing pressures well below atmospheric pressure, especially with siloxanes and heavy hydrocarbons. Low critical temperature hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons represented higher condensing pressures and lower ex- pansion ratios over the turbine. The highest cycle efficiencies were simulated when using high critical temperature hydrocarbons and siloxanes and the lowest efficiencies when us- ing low critical temperature hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons. The preliminary designs of radial turbines in the power range from 10 kW to 200 kW were studied with several working fluids and different working parameters. The results indi- cated that the turbine geometry and rotational speed are closely connected to the selection 117PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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