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118 8 Summary and recommendations of the working fluid. In general, the results indicate that the design of ORC turbines with a very low power output is difficult, because the turbine wheels tend to be small and fast rotating and especially due to the small blade height at the turbine rotor inlet. The results indicated that by selecting a fluid with a high molecular weight and high critical temper- ature leads to larger turbine wheels and lower rotational speeds when compared to the fluids having a low molecular weight and low critical temperature. On the other hand, the use of fluids having a high critical temperature results in a large increase in the rotor blade height between the rotor inlet and outlet and is estimated to have a negative impact on the turbine efficiency, if single stage turbines are considered. The studied siloxanes repre- sented larger turbine wheels and lower rotational speeds than the fluids from the other fluid groups. The largest blade heights at the rotor inlet were simulated with the studied fluorocarbons and siloxanes. The results indicated that the flow in the turbine stator is highly supersonic in this kind of ORC turbines, representing additional losses caused by the occurrence of oblique shock waves in the turbine. Based on the results, by selecting a low turbine inlet pressure or a low degree of reaction, the blade height at the rotor in- let can be increased, rotor blade height ratio can be decreased, and larger turbine wheels and lower rotational speeds can be obtained. The results indicated that the fluids repre- senting the highest thermodynamic performances are not necessarily the optimal fluids when taking into account the turbine design. Thus, when selecting the working fluid it is recommended to take into account both the thermodynamic performance of the cycle and availability to design a turbine with a relatively high efficiency. The exhaust gas heat recovery of small-scale diesel engine was studied and the consid- ered ORC application had the power output of about 10 kW. Siloxanes were considered as suitable working fluids based on the results from the preliminary thermodynamic anal- ysis and turbine design study. Toluene was included in the analysis to compare the results obtained with siloxanes and a suitable hydrocarbon. The cycle design and a preliminary turbine designs were carried out. The results from the radial turbine design calculations show that the largest wheel diameters, largest blade heights at the rotor outlet, and lowest rotational speeds were achieved with fluids MDM and D4, having relatively high molec- ular complexity. The use of toluene and MM as working fluids, would require smaller turbines with high rotation speeds (80 000 rpm-180 000 rpm). The blade heights at the rotor inlet in the preliminary turbine design were found out to be significantly small, 0.7 mm-1.4 mm, with all the studied fluids, which was estimated to have a negative impact on the turbine efficiency, manufacturing, and operation. The results showed that the net electric power output of the analyzed small-capacity ORC systems is rather insensitive to small changes of the turbine isentropic efficiency. Thus, it is recommended that the selection of the working fluid and process operational parameters should be based on the overall performance of the cycle, rather than only on the optimal design of the turbine. A more detailed turbine design and flow analysis were presented for the turbine designed for an experimental setup using MDM as the working fluid. The selection of the working fluid was a compromise taking into account the cycle efficiency, process design, and tur- bine design. An accurate thermodynamic real-gas model was implemented into the CFDPDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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