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120 8 Summary and recommendations out in the future by taking into account more accurate heat transfer coefficients for each fluid and adopting the effects of using different heat exchanger types. In addition, a cost function based on the estimated heat exchange area could be used in the future studies to evaluate the economic feasibility of the processes in more detail. The utilization of charge air heat was studied with an experimental setup, and R245fa and isopentane were adopted as working fluids in the test runs. The test runs indicated that the measured performance of the evaporator and other process components had a good agreement in respect to the thermodynamic cycle design. Based on the measurements and calculations for the ORC performance, a power increase in the test engine system of 2.0 % was achievable when a condensing temperature of 30 ◦C was used, and a power increase in the engine system of 1.7 % was estimated when a condensing temperature of 40 ◦C was used. As a result of this study, suitable working fluid candidates for small-scale ORCs were identified and the availability to design ORC turbines for the selected applications was evaluated. In addition, important aspects of designing ORC systems were highlighted. Based on the current study the author would suggest that more experimental work on ORC turbines should be carried out to provide knowledge on the performance and design guidelines for small-scale ORC systems based on turbine technology. In addition, the different working fluids should be evaluated not only by taking into account the thermo- dynamic performance and turbine design but taking into account the thermal and chemical stability limits of the fluid, price, flammability, toxicity, as well as ozone depletion and global warming potential. ORC systems adopting working fluid mixtures, supercritical fluid conditions, or having multiple pressure levels could be investigated to better match the working fluid temperature with the heat source and further increase the power output obtainable from the ORC systems.PDF Image | WORKING FLUID SELECTION AND DESIGN OF SMALL-SCALE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS BASED ON ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES
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