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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog 2. Basic First Steps and Considerations Biomass is any organic matter, typically plant-based matter, that is available on a renewable or recurring basis. Biomass resources include forest and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, fast-growing trees and plants, and municipal and industrial wastes. Biomass can be used in its solid form or gasified for heating applications or electricity generation, or it can be converted into liquid or gaseous fuels. In almost all cases, the production of electricity from biomass resources is most economic when the resulting waste heat is also captured and used as useful thermal energy—known as CHP. The lowest cost forms of biomass for generating electricity are residues. Residues are the organic byproducts of food, fiber, and forest production, such as sawdust, rice husks, wheat straw, corn stalks, and bagasse (the residue remaining after juice has been extracted from sugar cane). Wood is the most commonly used biomass fuel for heat and power. The most economic sources of wood fuels are wood residues from manufacturing, discarded wood products diverted from landfills, and non-hazardous wood debris from construction and demolition activities. Generating energy with these materials can recoup the energy value in the material and avoid the environmental and monetary costs of disposal or open burning. Biomass is plentiful in various forms across the country. Certain forms of biomass are more plentiful in specific regions where climate conditions are more favorable for their growth. The biomass feedstocks discussed in this report vary widely in their sources and fuel characteristics and therefore vary in typical considerations for their utilization. The various biomass resources can require different approaches to collection, storage, and transportation, as well as different considerations regarding the power generation technology that they would most effectively fuel. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that 590 million wet tons (equivalent to 413 million dry tons) of biomass resources are available in the United States on an annual basis. EIA forecasts that biomass will generate 76.5 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity, or 1.7 percent of the United States’ forecasted total generation, in 2010.4 To turn a biomass resource into productive heat and/or electricity requires a number of steps and considerations, most notably evaluating the availability of suitable biomass resources; determining the economics of collection, storage, and transportation; and evaluating available technology options for converting biomass into useful heat or electricity. 2.1 Survey Availability of Local Resources The availability of biomass feedstocks in close proximity to a biomass power project is a critical factor in their efficient utilization. An in-depth evaluation of the available quantity of a given resource should be conducted to determine initial feasibility of a project, as well as subsequent fuel availability issues. The primary reasons for failure of biomass power projects are changes in fuel supply or demand (wrongly assumed during the planning stage) and changes in fuel quality.5 Fuel considerations that should be analyzed in a preliminary evaluation include: • Typical moisture content (including the effects of storage options) • Typical yield • Seasonality of the resource • Proximity to the power generation site 4 Energy Information Administration, 2006. 5 Schmidt and Pinapati, 2000. 2. Basic First Steps and Considerations 7PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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