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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Transportation Biomass transportation costs are site specific and depend on the distance from the plant as well as the amount of biomass to be transported. Recent data are not readily available; however, in 2002, transportation costs for agricultural crops typically ranged from $7 to $10/dry ton for conventional bales and between $4 to $7/dry ton for compacted bales.7 For wood feedstocks, costs between $8 and $15/ton were typical.8 As a comparison, average trucking costs for coal in 2001 were approximately $11.70/ton for a 50-mile haul.9 Storage There are three common storage options for biomass feedstocks, each with its own benefits and challenges: 1. Feedstock is hauled directly to the plant with no storage at the production site. 2. Feedstock is stored at the production site and then transported to the plant as needed. 3. Feedstock is stored at a collective storage facility and then transported to the plant from the intermediate storage location. The type of storage system used at the production site, intermediate site, or plant can greatly affect the cost and the quality of the fuel. Storage systems that maintain high fuel quality also cost the most. Typical storage systems, ranked from highest cost to lowest cost, include: • Enclosed structure with crushed rock floor ($10 to $15/ton) • Open structure with crushed rock floor ($6 to $8/ton) • Reusable tarp on crushed rock ($3/ton) • Outside unprotected on crushed rock ($1/ton) • Outside unprotected on ground ($0/ton)10 Chapter 4 of this report provides an overview of storage area requirements at a biomass conversion facility. For example, wood burning facilities typically store up to a month of fuel supply on site to carry the plant through possible supply shortages in the spring or winter seasons. Depending on the size of the facility, this storage could require a significant amount of space. For other feedstocks such as agricultural residues that have harvesting seasons of little more than two months, a large amount of storage is required. For these fuels, it is typical to have intermediate storage facilities that are either at the farm of origin or in staging areas off site. The land requirements for a storage facility depend on the size of the plant as well as the storage density of the feedstock. For a 2,000 ton/day plant, 50 storage areas of 8 acres each for round bales or 3 acres each for compacted bales would be needed.11 Facility Size As biomass power projects increase in size, economies of scale are partially offset by increased transportation costs associated with hauling biomass feedstocks farther distances. When assuming a circular collection area around a plant, the average feedstock haul distance increases by about 41 percent 7 Perlack and Turhollow, 2002. 8 Resource Dynamics Corporation, 2004. 9 Energy Information Administration, 2004. 10 Iowa State University, 2002. 11 Perlack and Turhollow, 2002. 2. Basic First Steps and Considerations 9PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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