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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog 3. Biomass Resources Detailed and specific information about local biomass resources available for fueling a project are essential before seriously considering a biomass power installation. For example, typical moisture content (including the effects of storage options), typical yield, seasonality of the resource, proximity to the power generation site, issues that could affect future availability, fuel quality, and weather are all factors to consider when selecting a biomass fuel and determining the feasibility of a project. For background and use in narrowing the range of options, this chapter provides an overview of typical characteristics of the most common biomass fuels. In this report, feedstocks are classified into two general categories: rural resources and urban resources. Within these categories, the following biomass feedstocks are discussed: Rural Resources: Forest residues and wood wastes Crop residues Energy crops Manure biogas Urban Resources: Urban wood waste LFG Wastewater treatment biogas Food processing residue The following sections provide descriptions of these biomass feedstocks in the United States, including information about the resource base, current utilization, potential availability, typical energy content (in British thermal units [Btu]), typical cost, and the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the feedstock. All resource availability figures in this analysis are defined as resources not currently destined for other productive uses.13 3.1 Rural Resources 3.1.1 Forest Residues and Wood Wastes Forest residues and wood wastes represent a large potential resource for energy production and include forest residues, forest thinnings, and primary mill residues. Even though the costs for these fuels are usually greater than coal, they reduce fuel price risk by diversifying the fuel supply; result in significantly lower sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions than coal; and can easily be cofired.14 Forest Residues Forest residues are defined as the biomass material remaining in forests that have been harvested for timber, and are almost identical in composition to forest thinnings. Because only timber of a certain quality can be used in lumber mills and other processing facilities, biomass material—forest residue—is left in forests by harvesting operations. Forestry residues include logging residues, excess small pole trees, and rough or rotten dead wood. These residues could be collected after a timber harvest and used for energy purposes. Typically, forest residues are either left in the forest or disposed of via open burning through forest management programs. The primary advantage of using forest residues for power generation is that an existing collection infrastructure is already set up to harvest wood in many areas. Companies that harvest wood already own equipment and transportation options that could be extended to gathering forest residues. A report evaluating forest residues in the eastern United States estimated that 13 The resource analysis in this section is based on previous work done by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Antares Group, Inc., the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and Energy and Environmental Analysis (EEA), as noted. 14 DOE, 2004; Robinson, et al., 2003. 3. Biomass Resources 11PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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