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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog 2.3 tons are available for every 1,000 cubic feet of harvested timber.15 Figure 3-1 shows the potential capacity for power generation fueled by forest residues in each state. Potential capacity is concentrated in the western and southeastern regions of the United States. Forest residues typically have an energy content of 5,140 Btu/pound (lb) (wet) and 8,570 Btu/lb (dry). The cost items for obtaining recoverable forest wood residues include collecting, harvesting, chipping, loading, transportation, and unloading; a stumpage fee; and a return for profit and risk. The cost of forest residue can be as low as $15 to $25 per ton, or between $1.46 and $2.43/million Btu (MMBtu); however, the average price in most parts of the country is roughly $30/ton, or $2.92/MMBtu.16,17 Forest Thinnings Forest thinnings are defined as underbrush and saplings smaller than 2 inches in diameter, as well as fallen or dead trees. These substances are sometimes known as “ladder fuels” because they can accelerate a forest fire’s vertical spread. Large volumes of forest biomass should be available from implementation of U.S. Department of the Interior, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/U.S. Forest Service, and Bureau of Land Management joint initiatives to reduce fire risk in national forests; however, the actual business of harvesting, collecting, processing, and transporting loose forest thinnings is costly and presents an economic barrier to their recovery and utilization for energy. Typically, the wood waste from forest thinnings is disposed of through controlled burning due to the expense of transporting it to a power generation facility. In areas that are not already used for wood harvesting, there is no existing infrastructure to extract forest thinnings. A study for the Colorado Office of Energy Management and Conservation found that the delivered cost of forest thinnings was nearly $100 per dry ton, making it hard to compete with other fuels at a cost of $5.83 to $9.73/MMBtu.18 Figure 3-1. Forest Residue Potential Based on data from Antares Group, Inc., 2003. Figure 3-2. Forest Thinning Generation Potential From National Forests and Bureau of Land Management Property <50 MW 50-250 MW 250-500 MW >500 MW Forest thinnings typically have an energy content of 5,140 Btu/lb (wet) and 8,570 Btu/lb (dry). The use of forest thinnings for power generation is concentrated in the western United States. Figure 3-2 shows that Nevada, Arizona, Idaho, and New Mexico have the greatest 15 C.T. Donovan Associates, 1994. 16 Walsh, et al., 1999. 17 Curtis, et al, 2003. 18 Colorado Governor’s Energy Office, n.d. Source: Antares Group, Inc., 2003. 3. Biomass Resources 12PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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