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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog potential to generate power from forest thinnings. Primary Mill Residues Primary mill residues are waste wood from manufacturing operations that would otherwise be sent to a landfill. Manufacturing operations that produce mill residues usually include sawmills, pulp and paper companies, and other millwork companies involved in producing lumber, pulp, veneers, and other composite wood fiber materials. Primary mill residues are usually in the form of bark, chips, sander dust, edgings, sawdust, or slabs. Due to the fact that primary mill residues are relatively homogeneous and concentrated at one source, nearly 98 percent of all residues generated in the United States are currently used as fuel or to produce other fiber products. Of the 21.6 million dry tons of bark produced in the United States, 76.6 percent is used for fuel and 20.6 percent is used for other purposes such as mulch, bedding, and charcoal. Overall, USDA estimates that 2 to 3 percent of primary mill residues are available as an additional fuel resource because they are not being used for other purposes. Figure 3-3 shows that the largest concentrations of primary mill residues are in the western and southeastern regions of the United States. Because most primary mill residues are fairly dry after they have been through a manufacturing process, they fall at the upper level of the energy content range for wood (8,570 Btu/lb). Producing power from primary mill residues is highly advantageous in the wood products industries because they have a “free” (i.e., no additional cost) source of fuel with no transportation costs and a secure supply that they control. The cost of these residues is actually negative to most wood products industries because if the residues are not used on site, companies have to pay for disposal. When purchasing mill residues, the price can vary considerably from $8 to $50 per oven dry ton, corresponding to a cost of $0.46 to $2.92/MMBtu.19 This high variability occurs on a site by site basis depending on whether the site is already using the residues. 3.1.2 Crop Residues Agriculture is a major economic activity in the United States with approximately 302 million acres of harvested cropland currently being used for agricultural production.20 According to the most recent USDA Census (2004), the most frequently planted crops (in terms of average total acres planted) are corn, wheat, soybeans, hay, cotton, grain sorghum, barley, oats, and rice.20 Following the harvest of many traditional agricultural crops such as corn and wheat, residues such as crop stalks, leaves, and cobs, referred to as corn stover and wheat straw, are left in the field. A segment of these residues could potentially be collected and combusted to produce energy. Only slightly more than one-fifth of the more than 100 million tons of agricultural waste generated in the United States is currently used each year.21 19 Walsh, et al., 1999. 20 USDA, 2004. 21 DOE/USDA, 2005. Figure 3-3. Primary Mill Residue Potential 3. Biomass Resources 13 Based on data from Antares Group, Inc., 2003. <10 MW 10-50 MW >50 MWPDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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