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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog land for alternate purposes. Demonstration programs are underway with Department of Energy (DOE) funding in Iowa and New York, but DOE assumes that energy crops will not become commercially available until 2010 or beyond. DOE estimates that about 190 million acres of land in the United States could be used to produce energy crops.25 Table 3-1 presents the energy content and typical costs for common energy crops. Harvesting costs for switchgrass are similar to most forage crops because switchgrass can be cut and baled with conventional mowers and balers, which make this energy crop the easiest and cheapest to harvest. Table 3-1. Energy and Cost Characteristics of Energy Crops Energy Crop Energy Content Wet (Btu/lb) Energy Content Dry (Btu/lb) Cost Range (per ton) Cost/MMBtu Hybrid Poplar Hybrid Willow Switchgrass 4,100 8,200 4,100 8,200 6,060 8,670 $39 to $60 $39 to $60 $35 to $50 $4.76 to $7.32 $4.76 to $7.32 $2.89 to $4.13 Source: State of Oregon, n.d.; Walsh et al., 1999 As an example of energy crop generation potential, Figure 3-6 shows the amount of generation capacity that could be achieved by using switchgrass. Several states throughout the Midwest and South could provide more than 1,000 MW of power fueled by switchgrass. If developed, energy crops could represent significant additional farm income. The advantages of using crops specifically grown for energy production is consistency in moisture content, heat content, and processing characteristics. Disadvantages include relatively higher overall costs than many fossil fuels, higher-value alternative land uses that further drive up costs, added expenses associated with harvesting and processing, and farmers’ and power plant owners’ unfamiliarity with energy crops. 3.1.4 Manure Biogas Figure 3-6. Available Switchgrass at Less Than $50/Dry Ton Based on data from Antares Group, Inc., 2003. Manure digester biogas is produced at animal production operations when manure decomposes anaerobically (without oxygen) in a digester. Animal production operations use anaerobic digestion to reduce odor and pathogens and to effectively separate the solid and liquid portions of the sludge for application to cropland as fertilizer or irrigation water, respectively. Energy-recovery digesters are specially designed digesters that optimize the production of biogas from the decomposition of manure. Biogas from a manure digester typically contains 60 to 80 percent methane, depending on the type of animal and the manure collection system, resulting in an energy content of approximately 600 to 800 Btu per standard cubic foot (scf). The balance of the biogas is composed of CO2 and trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide. The use of manure biogas to produce energy is limited to farms that have the animals and manure management to accommodate anaerobic digestion. Farms that produce electricity from biogas might sell 25 Antares, 2003. 3. Biomass Resources 15 <50 MW 50-500 MW 500-1000 MW >1000 MWPDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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