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Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies

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Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies ( biomass-combined-heat-and-power-catalog-technologies )

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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog the electricity back to the grid, making this energy available to consumers outside of the farm. Selling electricity back to the grid, however, has not typically been an economically viable option for these operations. Furthermore, animal operations with anaerobic digesters currently represent a small fraction of the total number of animal operations. The USDA 2002 Census of Agriculture data showed a total of 91,989 dairy operations and 78,895 swine operations in the United States.26 Out of these operations, only 65 dairy operations and 40 swine operations used anaerobic digesters. The EPA AgSTAR Program has identified the most viable candidates for anaerobic digestion as dairy operations with greater than 500 head and swine operations with more than 2,000 head. Also, the potential for generating biogas from manure is greatest for manure management systems that collect and store manure as a liquid, slurry, or semi-solid (lagoon, liquid/slurry, or deep pit). Considering these parameters, approximately 2,290 dairy operations and 6,440 swine operations are potential candidates for anaerobic digestion and manure biogas production.27 Assuming an anaerobic digester is in place, there are no additional costs associated with obtaining the biogas. Therefore, manure biogas for energy use is considered an opportunity—or free—fuel. Capital costs, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and costs associated with collection and gas treatment will be a factor, however, in evaluating the suitability for a biogas power project. These costs are discussed in Chapter 4. 3.2 Urban Resources 3.2.1 Urban Wood Waste Urban wood wastes include yard trimmings; wood construction and demolition (C&D) waste; site clearing wastes; and pallets, wood packaging, furniture, and other miscellaneous commercial and household wood wastes that are generally disposed at MSW landfills or C&D landfills. Urban wood wastes are available across the United States, but they are mainly concentrated in populous areas. Woody yard trimmings are an abundant source of wood sent to landfills. In 1996, yard trimmings were the second largest component of the MSW stream at 29.3 million tons.28 Yard trimmings can be generated from residential landscaping and right-of-way trimming near roads, railways, and utility systems such as power lines. Yard trimmings comprise about 14 percent of the MSW stream; because approximately 36 percent of yard trimmings are recoverable, roughly 5 percent of the total MSW stream for each state is available yard trimming residue. C&D waste is woody material generated from C&D activity. Wood debris makes up around 26 percent of the total C&D stream, or approximately 35.1 million tons.29 Approximately 30 percent of that 26 USDA, 2004 27 Additional information about manure biogas and anaerobic digester potential at animal production operations is available at . 28 McKeever, 1998. 29 Sandler, 2003. Figure 3-7. Urban Wood Waste Potential Including Yard Trimmings, C&D Waste, and Other Wood Wastes 3. Biomass Resources 16 Based on data from Antares Group, Inc., 2003. <50 MW 50-200 MW 200-500 MW >500 MW

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