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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog debris, about 10.5 million tons/year, is uncontaminated by chemical treatment and available for recovery.30 Other wood wastes include discarded consumer wood products and wood residues from non- primary mill manufacturers, such as discarded wooden furniture, cabinets, pallets and containers, and scrap lumber. Approximately 7 percent of the entire MSW stream is other wood residue; of this, 44 percent is generally available. Figure 3-7 shows the states with the highest concentrations and potential capacity for generating power from urban wood wastes. Wood waste costs can be lower than other forms of biomass because wood waste that is burned for energy generation purposes is usually offsetting disposal costs from otherwise being landfilled. Therefore, some urban wood wastes can actually be collected at a negative cost. Typically, urban wood waste costs range from $3 to $24/ton. The energy content of urban wood waste is 4,600 Btu/lb (wet) and 6,150 Btu/lb (dry), or between $0.33 and $2.61/MMBtu.31, 32 One drawback to using urban wood waste for energy generation is that wood used for construction and consumer wooden goods can contain high levels of impurities caused by chemical treatments to extend the wood’s useful life. These impurities can cause emission problems when burned and might require wood waste boilers to have extra filtration and control equipment to curb contaminants or would require effective separation of the contaminated items prior to burning. 3.2.2 Landfill Gas LFG is generated through the decomposition of organic waste in anaerobic (oxygen-deprived) conditions at MSW disposal facilities, commonly known as landfills. Of all anthropogenic sources of methane emissions in the United States, landfills are estimated to account for the most generation from a single source category—25 percent of the total in 2004.33 The amount of methane generated by a landfill over its lifetime is dependent on the composition of the waste, the quantity and moisture content of the waste, and the design and management practices of the facility. Landfills with more waste deposited in them typically produce more gas over time than those with less waste. Other factors aside, landfills in drier regions do not produce as much gas as those in areas that receive greater precipitation, as moisture is a necessary component in decomposition. The gas generation potential of a landfill is a function of the facility’s size (waste in place), the climate in which it is located, and other site-specific attributes. Significant generation of LFG generally begins about one to two years after disposal of a mass of waste and continues evolving from that mass at an exponentially declining rate for 10 to 60 years, depending on landfill conditions. On a dry basis, LFG is basically composed of 50 percent methane and 50 percent CO2, resulting in a heating value of approximately 500 Btu/scf. Minute amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and trace amounts of inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (which has a strong odor), are also found in LFG.34 Due to varying compositions of LFG at different sites (primarily variations in the relative amounts of methane and CO2), measured heating values can range from 350 to 600 Btu/scf.35 The EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) estimates that, in addition to the approximately 410 landfills already collecting LFG for energy recovery, 570 additional landfills are good 30 Antares Group, Inc., 2003. 31 Antares Group, Inc., 2003. 32 Walsh, et al., 1999. 33 EPA, 2006a. 34 EPA, 2006b. 35 Perry, 1963. 3. Biomass Resources 17PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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