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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog O&M, which are discussed in Chapter 4. The cost of the collection system piping and the blower for moving the gas through the piping is relatively insignificant in comparison to the cost of the gas utilization systems discussed in subsequent sections. 3.2.4 Food Processing Waste Food processing wastes are being used throughout the country as biomass feedstocks for energy generation. These wastes include: Nut shells Rice hulls Meat processing residues Fruit pits Cotton gin trash Cheese whey Food processing wastes can be difficult to utilize as a fuel source due to the varying characteristics and properties of different waste streams. As such, most food wastes are currently disposed of as industrial wastewater and discharged to a local treatment plant. Work is underway in the food processing industry, however, to evaluate the energy resource these wastes represent, and to develop collection and processing methods that would allow for more effective utilization of this biomass resource. For example, dry solids production of shells, pits, hulls, and cotton gin trash exceeds 1 million dry tons per year in California, with at least three of these feedstocks currently being used for power generation in a few applications—almond shells, walnut shells, and rice hulls.42 In addition, utilities are taking advantage of these low-cost fuel sources. For example, peanut processors must dispose of large amounts of peanut hulls every month that cannot be used for such things as mulch, cat litter, or fire logs. Georgia Power has worked with firms to cofire peanut hulls with a mixture of coal at the Plant Mitchell Generating Station. Georgia Power estimates that every truckload of peanut hulls fired saves the company approximately $400 in fuel costs.43 In southwest Louisiana, electric power generated from rice hulls powers a rice processing plant. Most of the power is used to operate the rice mill from which the hulls come, while any extra power is sold to Entergy, the regional electrical utility. Researchers at the University of Georgia have done considerable research into the costs of using food processing wastes in power production. They have found that every bale of ginned cotton produces 200 pounds of gin trash,44 which can be sold at prices ranging from $10 to $12 per ginned bale (i.e., per 200 pounds of gin trash).45 Some resources indicate that large peanut and pecan shellers offer the hulls of these nuts at no cost if picked up and transported off their properties. Food processing wastes can produce a high-quality and clean-burning fuel that is cost competitive with coal on a Btu basis ($1.25 to $2.50/MMBtu) when sold as a solid. Potential waste sources are hard to generalize, however, and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. 42 California Energy Commission, 2004. 43 National Food and Energy Council, n.d. 44 Gin trash is a light material that cattle farmers currently utilize as a supplemental feed source. 45 Curtis, 2003. 3. Biomass Resources 20PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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