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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog other contaminants. Like solid biomass, biogas fuel must be collected and treated for use in power generation. The following discussion reviews the preparation requirements and associated capital and operating costs for biogas fuel generated at wastewater treatment facilities, farms, and landfills. 4.2.1 Gas Collection Systems Both wastewater treatment biogas and manure biogas are generated in anaerobic digesters. (Anaerobic digester physical descriptions vary by digester type; see Appendix C for information about different types of anaerobic digesters.) The biogas produced by the anaerobic digesters is collected from the gas space between the organic material (wastewater treatment sludge for wastewater treatment facilities and manure for farms) and the digester cover using a low-pressure blower. The biogas typically goes through a free water knockout vessel before being conveyed to the combustion device. For LFG, collection typically begins after a portion of a landfill (called a cell) is closed. In 1996, EPA promulgated rules requiring the collection and destruction of LFG under New Source Performance Standards and Emissions Guidelines. If a landfill’s non-methane organic compound emissions are greater than or equal to about 50 metric tons (megagrams) per year, the landfill rule requires the installation of a gas collection and control system. Sources must collect the LFG and destroy it at 98 percent efficiency. Two collection system configurations are generally used: vertical wells or horizontal trenches. Vertical wells are by far the most common type of well used for gas collection. Trenches might be appropriate for deeper landfills and can be used in areas of active filling. In a conventional vertical well system, vertical wells of approximately 2 to 3 feet in diameter are drilled into the waste at a typical spacing of one well per acre. Perforated polyvinyl chloride pipe approximately 6 inches in diameter is inserted into the well, and the hole is filled with gravel and capped with an impervious material. Each wellhead is connected to lateral piping, which transports the gas to a main collection header. Each wellhead is fitted with valves and a pressure tap so that the operator can monitor and adjust the gas flow from each well, as necessary. A blower is necessary to pull the gas from the collection wells into the collection header and convey the gas to the treatment system. The size, type, and number of blowers needed depend on the gas flow rate and the resistance in the collection system. An important part of any LFG collection system is the condensate collection and treatment system. Condensate forms when warm, humid gas from the landfill cools as it travels through the collection system. If condensate is not removed, it can block the collection system and disrupt the energy recovery process. Condensate control typically begins in the field collection system, where sloping pipes and headers are used to allow drainage into collecting (“knockout”) tanks or traps. These systems are typically augmented by post-collection condensate removal as well. Another device that is part of LFG energy recovery systems is a flare. A flare is simply a device for igniting and burning the LFG. Flares are considered a component of each energy recovery option to dispose of gas during system start-up and downtime. In some cases, it might be most cost-effective to gradually increase the size of the energy recovery system and to flare excess gas between system upgrades (e.g., before adding another engine). Flare designs include open (or candlestick) flares and enclosed flares. Enclosed flares are more expensive but might be preferable (or required) because they allow for stack testing and can achieve slightly higher combustion efficiencies. In addition, enclosed flares could reduce noise and light nuisances. 4.2.2 Gas Treatment Systems Some minimal amount of gas cleaning is required for almost any application using biogas. Both anaerobically digested wastewater treatment biogas and LFG contain methane and CO2, but also contain contaminants including hydrogen sulfide, other sulfur compounds, and a variety of other corrosive gases 4. Biomass Preparation 27PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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