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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog that evolve from chemical products in the waste. LFG also contains water, particulates, hazardous air pollutants, and chemicals called siloxanes, which are silica-based compounds that derive from various consumer products in the waste stream. Wellhead natural gas contains a variety of contaminants, inert gases, moisture, and particulates. All of these are removed in processing so that pipeline natural gas is a very clean fuel with consistent combustion characteristics. Waste and byproduct biogases are similar in many ways to raw, wellhead natural gas, which creates a variety of challenges to their direct use. Specifically, the contaminants in the gas cause erosion and corrosion of generation equipment. Some of the specific components of waste and byproduct fuels and their operational problems include: • Solids can cause erosion of critical surfaces or plugging of orifices. • Water retards combustion and can cause erosion, corrosion, or catastrophic damage to critical surfaces or components. • Non-methane fuel components (butane, propane, carbon monoxide [CO], hydrogen) can change combustion characteristics; if present in liquid form can cause physical damage. • Sulfur and sulfur compounds can cause corrosion in engines, increase maintenance requirements (more frequent overhauls and oil changes), and poison catalyst materials. • CO2 reduces heating value and combustibility. • Siloxanes create a glassy deposition on high-temperature surfaces; particles can break off and damage working parts. After biogas has been collected, and before it is used in an energy project, typical treatments remove moisture that is not captured in the knockout tanks, as well as particulates and other impurities. For small systems, however, particularly at farms, gas cleanup beyond removing moisture from the initial free water knockout vessel is not typically performed due to the high cost of cleanup. Treatment requirements depend on the end use application. Minimal treatment is required for direct use of gas in boilers and reciprocating engines. This treatment typically includes dehumidification to drop the gas dew-point below winter temperatures, particle filters to remove particulates that could damage engine components, and compression to meet the fuel pressure requirements of the energy application. For biogas generated at landfills and wastewater treatment facilities, some reciprocating engine applications and many gas turbine applications also require siloxane removal if the level of siloxanes is high.47 Siloxane removal is typically accomplished with adsorption beds situated after the dehumidification process. Recently, additional cleanup technologies have been introduced for the production of a high-Btu LFG, which could also be used for other types of biogas. These technologies remove CO2, organic, and sulfur compounds using a variety of gas separation technologies, including: adsorption, absorption, chilling, and membrane separation. The separated CO2 can be either vented to the atmosphere or cleaned and used in CO2 applications. The sulfur is often adsorbed onto a medium that can be returned to the landfill or can be recovered for chemical sale. More information about siloxanes and siloxane removal is available through LMOP (see Appendix B). 47 Siloxanes are a class of compounds present in a number of consumer products. Siloxanes form hard ceramic-like deposits on combustion. These deposits can shorten the life of engines or gas turbines and also require more frequent oil changes. 4. Biomass Preparation 28PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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