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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog surface and travels horizontally across the grate as it burns. The residual ash is discharged from the opposite end. Combustion air is introduced from below the grate and moves up through the burning bed of fuel. In the spreader stoker, the most common type of stoker boiler, combustion air is again introduced primarily from below the grate but the fuel is thrown or spread uniformly across the grate area. The finer particles of fuel combust in suspension as they fall against the upward moving air. The remaining heavier pieces fall and burn on the grate surface, with any residual ash removed from the discharge end of the grate. Chain grate, traveling grate, and water-cooled vibrating grate stokers are other less common configurations that use various means to maintain an even, thin bed of burning fuel on the grate. Other specialized stoker boilers include balanced draft, cyclone- fired, fixed bed, shaker hearth, tangential-fired, and wall-fired. Practical considerations limit stoker size and, consequently, the maximum steam generation rates. For coal firing, this maximum is about 350,000 pounds per hour (lb/hr); for wood or other biomass firing it is about 700,000 lb/hr. Underfeed Stokers Underfeed stokers supply both fuel and primary combustion air from beneath the grate so that the top of the fuel pile is not cooled by cold and moist fuel or cold air. The fuel is moved into a hopper and onto the grate by either a screw- or ram-driven mechanism. Underfeed stokers push the fuel into the bottom of the bed of fuel while heat causes volatilization and complete combustion of the fuel by the time it rises to the top of the bed as ash and is discharged. As the fuel moves out over the grate where it is exposed to air and radiant heat, it begins to burn and transfer heat to the water tubes. As with any combustion process, ash accumulates as the fuel, is burned. The two basic types of underfeed stokers are: 1) the horizontal-feed, side-ash discharge type and 2) the gravity-feed, rear-ash discharge type. A cross-section of an underfeed, side-ash discharge stoker is shown in Figure 5-2. The demand for underfeed stokers has diminished due to cost and environmental considerations. Underfeed stokers are best suited for relatively dry fuel (under 40 to 45 percent moisture.) Source: ORNL, 2002. Figure 5-1. Cut-Away View of a Traveling Grate Stoker Boiler Source: ORNL, 2002. Figure 5-2. Cross Section of Underfeed, Side-Ash Discharge Stoker 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 32PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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