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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Overfeed Stokers Overfeed stokers are generally classified by the way the fuel is distributed and burned within the boiler. The primary designations are mass-feed or spreader stokers. Mass-feed stokers introduce fuel continuously at one end of a grate. As the fuel moves into the boiler, it falls onto the grate by gravity. To control the amount of fuel that enters the boiler, a gate can be moved up or down, or the speed at which the fuel moves beneath the gate can be adjusted. Inside the boiler, the fuel burns as it travels along the grate. Primary combustion air flows upward from beneath the grate and through the burning bed of fuel, allowing for complete combustion. Any ash that remains on the grate is then discharged at the opposite end of the system. The two primary mass-feed stokers are 1) water-cooled vibrating grate and 2) moving (chain and traveling) grate stokers. A cross-section of an overfeed, water-cooled vibrating grate mass-fed stoker is presented in Figure 5-3. Spreader Stokers Spreader stokers are the most commonly used stokers because of their versatility. They are capable of distributing fuel evenly and to a uniform depth over the entire grate surface by using a device that propels the individual fuel particles into the air above the grate. Methods used to propel the fuel particles include air injection and underthrow and overthrow rotors. As the fuel is thrown into the boiler, fine particles ignite and burn while suspended in the combustion air. Due to suspension burning, response times of spreader stokers are better than for mass feed or underfeed stokers. The coarser particles that fall onto the grate end up burning in a thin bed of fuel on the grate. Primary combustion air is supplied from beneath the grate. Because the fuel is evenly distributed across the active grate area, the combustion air is uniformly distributed under and through the grate. A portion of the total combustion air is admitted through ports above the grate as overfire air, completing the combustion process. Grates for spreader stokers are generally designed to move rather than remain stationary. Therefore, traveling grates, air- cooled vibrating grates, and water-cooled vibrating grates are designs that have been used effectively. Modern boilers with spreader stokers incorporate: • Equipment that distributes fuel uniformly over the grate. • Specially designed air-metering grates. • Dust collection and reinjection equipment. • Forced draft fans for both undergrate and overfire air. • Combustion controls to coordinate fuel and air supply with steam demand.49 49 ORNL, 2002. 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 33 Figure 5-3. Cross Section of Overfeed, Water-Cooled, Vibrating-Grate, Mass-Feed Stoker Source: ORNL, 2002.PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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