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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Along with the fuel feed system and furnace section geometry, air system design plays an important role in efficient and complete combustion of biomass fuels in stoker boilers. Excess air for bark, wood, and most biomass fuels is set at 25 percent or above for stoker firing. Because biomass fuels are typically highly volatile on a dry basis, are heterogeneous in size, and more often burn in suspension compared to coal, biomass combustion air systems are designed to provide more overfire air than those used for coal. Modern designs use undergrate and overfire quantities of 40 and 60 percent, respectively. Fluidized Bed Boilers Fluidized bed boilers are the most recent type of boiler developed for solid fuel combustion. The primary driving force for development of fluidized bed combustion is reduced SO2 and NOx emissions from coal combustion. As the technology developed, it became apparent that the process could efficiently burn biomass and other low-grade fuels that are difficult or impractical to burn with conventional methods. In this method of combustion, fuel is burned in a bed of hot inert, or incombustible, particles suspended by an upward flow of combustion air that is injected from the bottom of the combustor to keep the bed in a floating or “fluidized” state. The scrubbing action of the bed material on the fuel enhances the combustion process by stripping away the CO2 and solids residue (char) that normally forms around the fuel particles. This process allows oxygen to reach the combustible material more readily and increases the rate and efficiency of the combustion process. One advantage of mixing in the fluidized bed is that it allows a more compact design than in conventional water tube boiler designs. Natural gas or fuel oil can also be used as a start-up fuel to preheat the fluidized bed or as an auxiliary fuel when additional heat is required. The effective mixing of the bed makes fluidized bed boilers well-suited to burn solid refuse, wood waste, waste coals, and other non standard fuels. Figure 5-4 shows the components of a fluidized bed combustion boiler. The fluidized bed combustion process provides a means for efficiently mixing fuel with air for combustion. When fuel is introduced to the bed, it is quickly heated above its ignition temperature, ignites, and becomes part of the burning mass. The flow of air and fuel to the dense bed is controlled so that the desired amount of heat is released to the furnace section on a continuous basis. Typically, biomass is burned with 20 percent or higher excess air. Only a small fraction of the bed is combustible material; the remainder is comprised of inert material, such as sand. This inert material provides a large inventory of heat in the furnace section, dampening the effect of brief fluctuations in fuel supply or heating value on boiler steam output. Fuels that contain a high concentration of ash, sulfur, and nitrogen can be burned efficiently in fluidized bed boilers while meeting stringent emission limitations. Due to long residence time and high intensity of mass transfer, fuel can be efficiently burned in a fluidized bed combustor at temperatures Figure 5-4. Cut-Away View of a Fluidized Bed Combustion Boiler 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 34 Source: Babcock & Wilcox, 2005.PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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