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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog The primary difference in efficiency between a stoker boiler and a fluidized bed boiler is the amount of fuel that remains unburned. As shown in Table 5-2, the efficiency of fluidized bed boilers compares favorably with stoker boilers due to lower combustion losses. Stoker boilers can have 30 to 40 percent carbon in the ash and additional volatiles and CO in the flue gases, while fluidized bed boiler systems typically achieve nearly 100 percent fuel combustion. The turbulence in the combustor combined with the thermal inertia of the bed material provide for complete, controlled, and uniform combustion. These factors are key to maximizing the thermal efficiency, minimizing char, and controlling emissions. Table 5-2. Biomass Boiler Efficiency as a Function of Input Fuel and Combustion Characteristics Characteristics Biomass Stoker Biomass Fluidized Bed Dry As Received Dry As Received Excess air (%) Dry flue gas (lb/lb fuel) Final exhaust temp (°F) High heating value (HHV) of the fuel (Btu/lb) Moisture content of fuel (%) Hydrogen percent in the fuel (%) Efficiency Losses Dry flue gas losses (%) Moisture in fuel (%) Latent heat (%) Unburned fuel (%) (1) Radiation and miscellaneous (%) (2) Total Combustion Losses (%) Boiler Efficiency HHV Basis (%) 50 50 50 50 15.25 10.675 15.25 10.675 350 350 350 350 8,500 5,950 8,500 5,950 0 30 0 30 4.59 3.21 4.59 3.21 11.63 11.63 11.63 11.63 0.00 5.90 0.00 5.90 5.69 5.69 5.69 5.69 3.50 3.50 0.25 0.25 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 22.85 28.74 19.60 25.49 77.15 71.26 80.40 74.51 (1) Estimated (2) Includes radiation, moisture in air, and other miscellaneous issues. When considering factors that influence boiler performance, it should be noted that efficiency is not constant throughout the entire operating range of a boiler. Peak efficiency generally occurs at a particular boiler output that is determined by design characteristics. Whenever boiler operations deviate from this output, the resulting performance is usually below peak efficiency. Operating continuously at peak efficiency is not practical due to seasonal demands, load variations and fuel property variations; however, operating at a steady load and avoiding cyclic or on-off operation can improve efficiency. Operating Availability52 Typically, both stoker and fluidized boilers are designed for continuous operation, and design performance is in the 90+ percent availability range. Seasonal variability in fuel availability and/or quality can affect the plant availability, but this is a feedstock issue, not an issue of boiler performance. A well 52 The availability of a power generation system is the percentage of time that the system can operate, or is “available” to operate. Both planned maintenance and unplanned outages have a negative effect upon system availability. Therefore an availability of 100% would represent a system that never broke down or needed maintenance (impossible to achieve in real operation). 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 36PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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