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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog 5.1.2 Cofiring One of the most cost effective and easily implemented biomass energy technologies is cofiring with coal in existing coal-fired boilers. Cofiring refers to the practice of mixing biomass with a fossil fuel in high-efficiency boilers as a supplementary energy source. In biomass cofiring, biomass can substitute for up to 20 percent of the coal used in the boiler. Cofiring is typically used when either the supply of biomass is intermittent or when the moisture content of the biomass is high. At large plants, biomass is cofired with coal, and more coal is typically used than biomass. At small plants, biomass is cofired with natural gas, and more biomass is typically used than natural gas because the natural gas is used to stabilize combustion when biomass with high-moisture content is fed into the boiler. Characterization Figure 5-5 shows a process diagram for a standard coal-based cofiring plant. Biomass has been cofired with coal economically in commercial plants, which is principally viewed as a fuel cost reduction strategy. In certain situations, cofiring has provided opportunities for utilities to get fuel from wood manufacturing and other businesses at zero or negative cost. Overall production cost savings can also be achieved by replacing coal with inexpensive biomass fuel sources such as wood waste and waste paper. Typically, biomass fuel supplies should cost at least 20 percent less, on a thermal basis, than coal supplies before a cofiring project can be economically attractive. Figure 5-5. Biomass Cofiring in Coal Power Plant Source: Antares Group, Inc., 2003. Biomass cofiring is mainly a retrofit application. A basic principle of cofiring is that significant changes to the boiler are not required beyond some minor burner modifications or additions necessary to introduce and burn the supplemental fuel. To meet this objective, cofiring biomass fuels is usually done on a limited basis, with the amount of biomass ranging from 5 to 15 percent of the total heat input to the boiler.55 Biomass fuels that have been successfully cofired include wood and pelletized waste paper. Interest is growing in cofiring biomass among electric utilities and other users of coal boilers, chiefly due to the need to improve air emissions from coal-burning facilities, as well as to diversify fuel supplies. Table 5-8 gives a sense of the size of typical utility cofiring power plants, the percentage of biomass fuel used (generally about 10 percent, but up to 50 percent), and the types of biomass feedstock used (wood, wood waste, wood residues, and sawdust). 55 Fehrs and Donovan, 1999. 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 42PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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