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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog similarity minimizes problems with existing coal handling systems. When using a mulch-like material or a biomass supply with a high fraction of fine particles (sawdust size or smaller), periodic blockage of fuel flow openings in various areas of the conveying, storage, and feed systems can occur. These blockages can cause significant maintenance increases and operational problems; therefore, fuel should be processed to avoid difficulties with existing fuel feeding systems. Another fuel consideration when dealing with biomass is the potential for problems with slagging, fouling, and corrosion. Some biomass fuels have high alkali (principally potassium) or chlorine content that can lead to unmanageable ash deposition problems on heat exchange and ash-handling surfaces. Chlorine in combustion gases, particularly at high temperatures, can cause accelerated corrosion of combustion system and flue gas cleanup components. These problems can be minimized or avoided by screening fuel supplies for materials high in chlorine and alkalis, limiting the biomass contribution to boiler heat input to 15 percent or less, using fuel additives, or increasing soot-blowing. The most troublesome biomass resource tends to be agricultural residues, including grasses and straws, which have high alkali and chlorine contents. In contrast, most woody materials and waste papers are relatively low in alkali and chlorine and should not present this problem. Currently, about 25 percent of the fly ash from coal-fired power plants is used as a feedstock for cement and concrete production, while another 15 percent is used as a feedstock in other applications.57 According to current industry standards,58 only fly ash from coal combustion qualifies for use in cement/concrete applications. Cofiring biomass in a coal power plant would keep the fly ash from meeting the current standard. Similarly, coal fly ash will sometimes not meet the current standard when certain emissions control techniques are used, such as ammonia injection. Though these restrictions can impact the economics of biomass cofiring, the value of finding a productive use for fly ash and other coal combustion products is primarily the avoidance of a roughly $20/ton landfill fee. For coal with 10 percent ash content, this value would be worth about $2/ton of the input fuel cost. While the current restrictions are a barrier to considering cofiring in some applications, other uses of fly ash are not affected, and researchers are currently studying the impact of using fly ash from biomass and biomass/coal cofiring on concrete characteristics. Early results show that biomass and cofired fuels do not adversely affect the usefulness of fly ash in cement and concrete, and in fact might have some advantages.59 It is likely that this work will eventually lead to a reevaluation of the standard and inclusion of fly ash from cofiring as an acceptable cement/concrete feedstock as has already happened in Europe.60 Equipment and Installed Costs Cofiring typically does not involve added investment for the boiler equipment that is already in place for the coal-fired plant. There are additional costs for new fuel handling and processing equipment, boiler modifications, controls, engineering fees, and contingency. For blended fuel input systems, in which the biomass is added upstream of the coal fuel preparation equipment, the costs for the added feed preparation are on the order of 15 to 30 percent of the costs shown in the previous section in Table 5.4 for a dedicated biomass system. For systems using a separate fuel feed system, the costs are comparable to the costs ($/ton of biomass feed) for a dedicated biomass plant. 57 American Coal Ash Association, n.d. 58 ASTM C-618. 59 Wang, 2007. 60 In 2004, European Standard EN 450 dealing with fly ash specifications for use in concrete was approved for modification to include fly ash from a wide range of cofired biomass and waste feedstocks. These changes are in the process of being adopted by the European Union member countries. 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 44PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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