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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog designed system, however, has a reasonable expectation of operating in the 85 to 95 percent availability range. Operating Issues As discussed above, moisture content, gas cleanup, and operating pressure can all affect operation of a gasifier. There are a number of operating issues common to the different types of gasification systems. Moisture Content Green biomass, defined as freshly harvested plant material, can contain a significant amount of water by weight (up to 60 percent). This water does not contribute to the heat content of the syngas while consuming a significant amount of energy in gasification. Even though water cannot be burned (oxidized) at elevated temperatures, it will dissociate into its elemental components—hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen will contribute to the calorific value of the syngas. This reaction is very temperature-sensitive, and the hydrogen and oxygen will usually recombine into water vapor as the syngas cools. Therefore, the moisture content of biomass must be strictly limited. If there is excess moisture, the gasification process cannot sustain itself without an external source of heat. As the moisture content of the biomass increases, the net energy available in the syngas decreases. Fixed bed gasifiers that use internal combustion of the syngas typically utilize biomass with less than 20 percent moisture content. Fluidized bed gasifiers typically require less than 30 percent moisture content. Green biomass is the most readily available and inexpensive biomass product. The drying process requires a considerable additional capital investment and increases the O&M costs. Unfortunately, the cost of the drying equipment (equipment cost and O&M cost) seldom covers the cost savings of using green biomass. Gas Cleanup As syngas leaves the gasifier, it contains several types of contaminants that are harmful to downstream equipment, ash handling, and emissions. The degree of gas cleanup must be appropriately matched to its intended use. For use in reciprocating engines, gas turbines, and especially fuel cells, a very clean gas is required. As discussed in Table 5-12, the primary contaminants in syngas are tars, particles, alkali compounds, and ammonia. The types of contaminants that are observed depend on the biomass feedstock and the gasification process used. Table 5-12. Gas Cleanup Issues Contaminant Description Treatment Tar Particles Tars (creosote) are complex hydrocarbons that persist as condensable vapors. Particles are very small, solid materials that typically include ash and unconverted biomass. Wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, barrier filters, catalysts, or combustion. Cyclone separators, fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, and wet scrubbers. Alkali compounds Potassium, alkali salts, and condensed alkali vapors are part of the chemical composition of biomass. First, cool syngas below 1,200o F, causing the alkali vapors to condense. Second, use cyclone separators, fine fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, and wet scrubbers. Ammonia Ammonia is formed from nitrogen (fuel-bound and in air) and hydrogen (in fuel and in moisture content). When syngas is burned, ammonia is converted to NOx. Catalysts, hydrocarbon reforming, or wet scrubbing. 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 51PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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