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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Because gasification occurs at an elevated temperature, syngas can have as much as a third of its total energy in sensible heat. Cleaning the gas while it is hot would be advantageous from an energy use perspective, but this task is currently difficult to accomplish. Research is ongoing regarding hot gas filters, which can be applied in coal gasification, as well as other high-temperature processes. Wet scrubbers are currently one of the most reliable and least expensive options for gas cleanup, even though they sacrifice a large portion of the sensible heat of the syngas. Cooling the hot syngas can provide a source of steam for the cleaning process, power generation, or end-use. Operating Pressure Gasifiers can be operated at either atmospheric or elevated pressures. Air-blown, atmospheric gasifiers produce a very low Btu gas 110 to 170 Btu/scf. To introduce this gas into a gas turbine in the power generation section of the plant requires considerable compression energy, up to a third of the turbine’s output. Therefore, it would be advantageous to produce the syngas at a high pressure so that it can be introduced directly into the combustion section of a gas turbine without additional compression. Pressurized reactors, however, do need to compress any combustion air or oxygen that is introduced into the reactor and maintain a pressure seal on the biomass input and ash removal systems. Advantages and Disadvantages Fixed bed and fluidized bed gasifiers have specific operating advantages and disadvantages with biomass fuels depending on the biomass characteristics and site requirements. Table 5-13 provides a qualitative comparison of gasifier characteristics and operating issues for fixed bed and fluidized bed systems. Table 5-13. Relative Advantages/Disadvantages of Gasifier Types Gasifier Advantages Disadvantages Updraft fixed bed Mature for heat Small-scale applications Can handle high moisture No carbon in ash Feed size limits High tar yields Scale limitations Low Btu gas Slagging potential Downdraft fixed bed Small-scale applications Low particulates Low tar Feed size limits Scale limitations Low Btu gas Moisture-sensitive Bubbling fluid bed Large-scale applications Feed characteristics Direct/indirect heating Can produce higher Btu gas Medium tar yield Higher particle loading Circulating fluid bed Large-scale applications Feed characteristics Can produce higher Btu gas Medium tar yield Higher particle loading Entrained flow fluid bed Can be scaled Potential for low tar Potential for low methane Can produce higher Btu gas Large amount of carrier gas Higher particle loading Particle size limits 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 52PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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