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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Commercial Status The majority of commercial gasification projects use coal or petroleum coke as a feedstock. Biomass gasification technologies have been a subject of commercial interest for several decades. By the 1990s, CHP had been identified as a potential near-term technology. Research and development concentrated on integrated gasification combined cycle and gasification cofiring demonstrations, which led to a number of commercial-scale systems. In the United States, projects mostly processed hard-to manage feedstocks like bagasse and alfalfa. Low-energy gasifiers are now commercially available, and dozens of small-scale facilities are in operation. A review of gasifier manufacturers in Europe, the United States, and Canada63 identified 50 manufacturers offering commercial gasification plants in which 75 percent of the designs were fixed bed downdraft type; 20 percent of the designs were fluidized bed systems. The actual number of biomass gasification systems in operation worldwide is unknown, but is estimated to be below 50 based on literature review and discussions with industry sources. There are only a handful of commercially operating biomass gasification systems in the United States at this time, and many of these are partially government-funded demonstration units. In comparison, there are currently more than 100 biomass-fueled fluidized bed boilers in operation around the world. There is still a considerable amount of development activity underway to address existing technical and operational issues: • Gasification—Some gasification technologies using biomass and black liquor have developed to the point of large-scale demonstration. However, gasifier systems have not reached widespread commercial availability for systems suitable for integration with hydrogen separation technologies for fuel cells or fuel synthesis. This is due in part to areas of fuel chemistry that are not established enough to support the commercial demonstration programs and facilitate the development and scale-up of advanced gasifiers and gas cleanup systems. • Syngas cleanup and conditioning—The raw gases from biomass systems do not currently meet strict quality standards for downstream fuel, chemical synthesis catalysts, or those for some power technologies. These gases will require cleaning and conditioning to remove contaminants such as tar, particulates, alkali, ammonia, chlorine, and sulfur. Available cleanup technologies do not yet meet the needed cost, performance, or environmental criteria needed to achieve commercial implementation. • Sensors and controls—Development of effective process controls is needed to maintain plant performance and emissions at target levels with varying load, fuel properties, and atmospheric conditions. New sensors and analytical instruments are under development to optimize control systems for thermochemical systems. • Process integration—As with all new process technologies, demonstrating sustained integrated performance that meets technical, environmental, and safety requirements at sufficiently large scale is essential to supporting commercialization. Applications such as black liquor integration in paper mills has the added complexity of being attached to an existing commercial process where the unit operations associated with steam production, power, pulping, and chemical recovery must all be integrated. 63 European Biomass Industry Association, n.d. 5. Biomass Conversion Technologies 55PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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