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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog 6. Power Generation Technologies CHP is the sequential or simultaneous generation of multiple forms of useful energy (usually mechanical and thermal) in a single, integrated system. CHP systems consist of a number of individual components—prime mover (heat engine), generator, heat recovery, and electrical interconnection— configured into an integrated whole. The type of equipment that drives the overall system (i.e., the prime mover) typically identifies the CHP system. Prime movers for CHP systems include steam turbines, gas turbines (also called combustion turbines), spark ignition engines, diesel engines, microturbines, and fuel cells. These prime movers are capable of burning a variety of fuels, including biomass/biogas, natural gas, or coal to produce shaft power or mechanical energy. Additional technologies are also used in configuring a complete CHP system, including boilers, absorption chillers, desiccants, engine-driven chillers, and gasifiers. Boilers and gasifiers are discussed in Chapter 5 of this document. Although mechanical energy from the prime mover is most often used to drive a generator to produce electricity, it can also be used to drive rotating equipment such as compressors, pumps, and fans. Thermal energy from the system can be used in direct process applications or indirectly to produce steam, hot water, hot air for drying, or chilled water for process cooling. The industrial sector currently produces both thermal output and electricity from biomass in CHP facilities in the paper, chemical, wood products, and food processing industries. These industries are major users of biomass fuels—utilizing the heat and steam in their processes can improve energy efficiencies by more than 35 percent. In these applications, the typical CHP system configuration consists of a biomass-fired boiler whose steam is used to propel a steam turbine in addition to the extraction of steam or heat for process use. More information about how CHP systems work and an explanation of the key concepts of efficiency and power-to-heat ratios can be found in the “Catalog of CHP Technologies” on the EPA CHP Partnership’s Web site.69 The following technologies are discussed in this chapter, with specific respect to their ability to run on biomass or biogas. A synopsis of key characteristics of each is shown in Table 6-1. Steam turbines—Convert steam energy from a boiler or waste heat into shaft power. Gas (combustion) turbines, including microturbines—Use heat to move turbine blades that produce electricity. Reciprocating internal combustion (IC) engines—Operate on a wide range of liquid and gaseous fuels but not solid fuels. The reciprocating shaft power can produce either electricity through a generator or drive loads directly. Fuel cells—Produce an electric current and heat from a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen rather than combustion. They require a clean gas fuel or methanol with various restrictions on contaminants. Stirling engines—Operate on any fuel and can produce either electricity through a generator or drive loads directly. 69 EPA, 2004b. 6. Power Generation Technologies 62PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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