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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Source: NREL, 2003. Each of these technologies will require a fuel that has gone through the various preparation steps outlined in Chapters 4 and 5. For power generation technologies that require steam for fuel (steam turbine), a boiler is used to combust the biomass fuel, converting it to steam. For power generation technologies that require gas to operate (gas turbines, reciprocating engines, fuel cells, Stirling engines), the biomass feedstock will either be gasified (as discussed in Chapter 5) or will be collected as biogas from an anaerobic digester or LFG (as discussed in Chapter 4). As discussed in more detail in Chapter 4, some amount of gas cleaning is required for almost any prime mover to run on biogas, as is standard practice to date. This cleaning would minimally include the removal of solids and liquid water. Removing only solids and liquid water can leave corrosive components and siloxanes, which may damage the prime mover. As described in more detail in Chapter 3, some options for further cleanup are beginning to emerge, such as: • Chemical “filters” to remove sulfur compounds • Cooling the gas to remove additional moisture • Filter systems to remove siloxanes • Chemical systems to remove CO2 Specific details regarding the use of biogas and biomass fuels in the various prime movers are discussed within each of the following subsections. 6.1 Steam Turbine Technologies A steam turbine is a thermodynamic device that converts the energy in high-pressure, high- temperature steam into shaft power that can in turn be used to turn a generator and produce electric power. Unlike gas turbine and reciprocating engine CHP systems where heat is a byproduct of power generation, steam turbine CHP systems normally generate electricity as a byproduct of heat (steam) generation. A steam turbine requires a separate heat source and does not directly convert fuel to electric energy. The energy is transferred from the boiler to the turbine through high-pressure steam, which in turn powers the turbine and generator70. This separation of functions enables steam turbines to operate with an enormous variety of fuels, from natural gas to solid waste, including all types of coal, wood, wood waste, and agricultural byproducts (sugar cane bagasse, fruit pits, and rice hulls). In CHP applications, steam at lower pressure is extracted from the steam turbine and used directly or is converted to other forms of thermal energy. In the thermodynamic cycle illustrated in Figure 6-1, called the Rankine cycle, liquid water is converted to high-pressure steam in the boiler and fed into the steam turbine. The steam causes the turbine blades to rotate, creating power that is turned into electricity with a generator. A condenser and pump are used to collect the steam exiting the turbine, feeding it into the boiler and completing the cycle. There are several different types of steam turbines: 1) A condensing steam turbine as shown in Figure 6-1 is for power-only applications and expands the pressurized steam to low pressure at which point a steam/liquid water mixture is exhausted to a condenser at vacuum conditions; 2) Extraction turbines have openings in their casings for extraction of a portion of the steam at some intermediate pressure for process or building heating; 3) Back-pressure turbines exhaust the entire flow of steam to the process or facility at the required pressure. 70 Steam turbines are also used to drive pumps, compressors and other mechanical equipment. 6. Power Generation Technologies 64PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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