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Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies

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Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies ( biomass-combined-heat-and-power-catalog-technologies )

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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog extract steam at an intermediate pressure for use in industrial processes, making them combined cycle CHP systems. An illustration of the configuration of a gas turbine is shown in Figure 6-2. As illustrated in the figure, gas turbine power generation systems use the Brayton cycle and consist of a compressor to compress the air to high pressure, a combustor chamber operating at high pressure, the gas turbine itself (shown in two parts), and the generator. The turbine section comprises one or more sets of turbine blades that extract mechanical energy from the hot combustion products. Some of that energy is used to power the compressor stage; the remaining energy is available to drive an electric generator or other mechanical load. The compressor and all of the turbine blades can be on one shaft or there can be two shafts, one for the compressor and the turbine stages that drive it, and a second for the turbine stages that produce useful output. To inject the fuel into the pressurized combustion chamber, the fuel must also be pressurized. A low Btu gas—like most biogas—will require only a small pump, while high-Btu (greater than about 1,000 Btu/standard cubic feet [scf]) gas requires a small compressor. Theoretical turbine efficiency is a function of turbine inlet temperature and pressure ratio across the power turbine, with higher levels of both factors leading to higher efficiency. Inlet temperature is limited by the ability of the turbine blades to operate at that temperature over the lifetime of the turbine. Figure 6-2. Components of a Simple-Cycle Gas Turbine Air Fuel Gas Producer Turbine Power Turbine Gener ator Combustor Compressor Source: Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., 2003. Typical performance and cost characteristics of gas turbines based on natural gas fuel are shown in Table 6-3. There are some notable differences in gas turbine performance with biogas fuels, as discussed below. 6. Power Generation Technologies 67

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