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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Table 6-3. Gas Turbine CHP Typical Performance Parameters Cost and Performance Characteristics System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 System 5 Electricity capacity (kW) Equipment cost ($/kW)* O&M costs ($/kWh)* Electric heat rate (Btu/kWh), HHV Electrical efficiency, HHV (%) Fuel input (MMBtu/hr) Required fuel gas pressure (psig) CHP Characteristics Steam output (MMBtu/kWh) Power/heat ratio Total CHP efficiency, HHV (%) 1,000 5,000 $1,200 $600 0.010 0.006 15,580 12,555 21.9 27.8 15.6 62.8 95 160 7,108 5,018 0.48 0.68 68 67 10,000 25,000 $600 $520 $460 0.006 0.005 0.005 10,950 9,945 9,220 31.2 34.3 37.0 109.5 248.6 368.8 250 340 435 4,549 3.592 3,189 0.75 0.95 1.07 73 70 72 40,000 * Cost for natural gas fueled gas turbine-generator set only (gasification and heat recovery not included). Source: NREL, 2003. A biomass gas turbine system requires LFG, anaerobic digester gas, or a biomass gasifier to produce the biogas for the turbine. This biogas must be carefully filtered of PM to avoid damaging the blades of the gas turbine. Additionally, because a typical biomass gasifier produces a low-Btu biogas (e.g., 100 Btu/scf), the fuel compressor must be sized to handle about 10 times the gas flow compared to natural gas to provide the same Btu to the combustor. These flow needs make the shaft power to the fuel compressor comparable to the power of the air compressor, thereby reducing the turbine’s efficiency. In a conventional gas turbine, the turbine is designed to handle about 10 percent more flow (standard cubic feet per minute) than the air compressor. In a low-Btu gas turbine, the turbine must be designed to handle about twice the flow of the air compressor. In addition, the air-to-fuel ratio is lower for biogas than for natural gas, so not all of the compressed air is needed. Some of this compressed air can be redirected to provide energy to the air compressors for pressurized direct gasifiers or to help compress the biogas in atmospheric gasifiers. Without removal of the excess air, the capacity of the turbine would be significantly reduced. Because of all the modifications required, existing natural gas turbines cannot easily be retrofitted to operate on low-Btu biogas (< 300 Btu/scf). Gas turbines designed for low-Btu biogas generally cost at least 50 percent more than natural gas turbines on a per kW basis. Many gas turbine manufacturers offer turbine products that operate on medium-Btu landfill and wastewater treatment gas at equipment costs that are slightly higher than natural gas turbines, assuming the gas is properly treated and cleaned. Non- fuel O&M costs will increase for gas turbines using low- and medium-Btu biogas due to increased cleaning and more frequent maintenance intervals (this does not include the O&M costs of biogas treatment and cleanup, which is discussed separately); natural gas O&M costs provided in Table 6-3 would increase by at least 75 percent for low-Btu biogas operation.71 Figure 6-3 shows the proposed integration of a gas turbine in a biomass gasification facility. While a number of gas turbines have been studied and tested for low-Btu biogas use modification and integration, commercial experience is very limited. At the time this report was prepared, there were no identified gas turbines operating on low-Btu syngas from gasification. There are biomass gasifiers that produce syngas for cofiring in integrated coal gasification combined-cycle power plants. There have also 71 Resource Dynamics Corporation, 2004. 6. Power Generation Technologies 68PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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