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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog Microturbines generally have lower electrical efficiencies than similarly sized reciprocating engine generators and larger gas turbines. However, because of their design simplicity and relatively few moving parts, microturbines offer the potential for reduced maintenance compared to reciprocating engines. Microturbines usually have an internal heat recovery heat exchanger called a recuperator. In typical microturbines, the inlet air is compressed in a radial compressor and then preheated in the recuperator using heat from the turbine exhaust. Heated air from the recuperator is mixed with fuel in the combustor and ignited. The hot combustion gas is then expanded in one or more turbine sections, producing rotating mechanical power to drive the compressor and the electric generator. In single-shaft models, a single expansion turbine turns both the compressor and the generator. Two-shaft models use one turbine to drive the compressor and a second turbine to drive the generator, with exhaust from the compressor turbine powering the generator turbine. The power turbine’s exhaust is then used in the recuperator to preheat the air from the compressor. The basic components of a microturbine are shown in Figure 6-4. The heart of the microturbine is the compressor-turbine package, which is most commonly mounted on a single shaft along with the electric generator. Because the turbine shaft rotates at a very high speed, the electric output of the generator must be processed to provide 60 Hertz (Hz) power (the frequency standard in the U.S.) The single shaft is supported by two (or more) high-speed bearings. Because single-shaft turbines have only one moving part, they have the potential for low maintenance and high reliability. There are also two-shaft versions of the microturbine, in which the turbine on the first shaft only drives the compressor while a power turbine on a second shaft drives a gearbox and conventional electrical generator producing 60 Hz power. The two-shaft design has more moving parts but does not require sophisticated power electronics to convert high-frequency alternating current (AC) power output to usable 60 Hz power. Figure 6-4. Microturbine-Based CHP System (Single-Shaft Design) To Stack Heat 60 Hz AC Electricity Recuperator - Compressed Air Compressor Combustor Turbine Exhaust Hot A ir Fuel Rectifier High Frequency High Frequency Generator Exhaust Exhaust Heat Heat Recovery System Inverter Source: Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., 2003. Ambient Air Microturbines require gaseous fuel to be supplied in the 64 to 100 psig range, or above. Rotary vane, scroll, and screw compressors have been used to boost fuel gas pressure at the site to the pressure needed by the microturbine. However, this further reduces the efficiency of the system. 6. Power Generation Technologies 70PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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