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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog In CHP operation, a second heat recovery heat exchanger—the exhaust gas heat exchanger—can be used to transfer remaining energy from the microturbine exhaust to a hot water system. Recuperated microturbines have lower temperature exhaust than simple-cycle turbines; however, exhaust heat at low temperatures can be used for a variety of different applications, including process or space heating, heating potable water, driving absorption chillers, or regenerating desiccant dehumidification equipment. Some microturbine-based CHP applications have the ability to bypass their recuperator to adjust their thermal-to-electric ratio or do not use recuperators at all. The temperature of the exhaust from these microturbines is much higher (up to 1,200 oF) and thus, more and higher temperature heat is available for recovery. Typical performance and cost characteristics of microturbines based on natural gas fuel are shown in Table 6-4. Microturbines have demonstrated that they can handle landfill and wastewater treatment gas, and in some cases low-Btu biogas, reasonably well because of their simple design. No major modifications are needed, but in addition to the power required by the fuel gas compressor, there is a small reduction in power output (10 to 15 percent) when running on landfill or digester gas. With both factors considered, a 15 to 20 percent increase in price per kW would be expected for microturbines operating on landfill or digester gas compared to the price for natural gas fired units of the same size. Maintenance costs would also increase 30 to 40 percent due to shorter maintenance intervals and increased inspections.72 Table 6-4. Microturbine CHP Typical Performance Parameters Cost and Performance Characteristics System 1 System 2 Electric Capacity (kW) Equipment Cost ($/kW)* O&M Cost ($/kWh)* Electric Heat Rate, HHV (Btu/kWh) Electrical Efficiency, HHV (%) Fuel Input (MMBtu/hr) CHP Characteristics Heat Recovered (MMBtu/kWh) Total CHP Efficiency (%) Power/Heat Ratio 100 250 $1,350 $1,100 0.015 0.012 13,555 11,850 25.2 28.8 1.4 3.0 5,018 3,630 62 59 0.68 0.94 6.4 *Cost for natural gas-fueled microturbine only (gasification and biogas treatment not included). Source: NREL, 2003. Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Technologies Reciprocating internal combustion engines are a widespread and well-known technology. North American production exceeds 35 million units per year for automobiles, trucks, construction and mining equipment, marine propulsion, lawn care, and a diverse set of power generation applications. A variety of stationary engine products are available for a range of power generation market applications and duty cycles, including standby and emergency power, peaking service, intermediate and base load power, and CHP. Reciprocating IC engines are available for power generation applications in sizes ranging from a few kilowatts to more than 5 MW. 72 Resource Dynamics Corporation, 2004. 6. Power Generation Technologies 71PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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