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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog There are two basic types of reciprocating IC engines—spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI). SI engines for power generation use natural gas as the preferred fuel, although they can be configured to run on propane, gasoline, biogas, or LFG. CI engines (often called diesel engines) operate on diesel fuel or heavy oil, or they can be set up to run in a dual-fuel configuration that burns primarily natural gas or biogas with a small amount of diesel pilot fuel. Although diesel engines have historically been the most popular type of reciprocating IC engine for power generation applications, their use has been increasingly restricted to emergency standby or limited duty-cycle service in the United States and other industrialized nations because of air emission concerns, particularly associated with NOx and PM. Consequently, the natural gas-fueled SI engine, which could also run on biogas, is now the engine of choice for the higher-duty-cycle stationary power market (more than 500 hr/yr) and is the primary focus of this discussion. Reciprocating IC engine technology has improved dramatically over the past three decades, driven by economic and environmental pressures for power density improvements (more output per unit of engine displacement), increased fuel efficiency, and reduced emissions. Computer systems have greatly advanced reciprocating engine design and control, accelerating advanced engine designs and enabling more precise control and diagnostic monitoring of the engine process. Stationary engine manufacturers and worldwide engine research and development firms continue to drive advanced engine technology, including accelerating the diffusion of technology and concepts from the automotive market to the stationary market. Typical performance and cost characteristics of reciprocating engines based on natural gas fuel are shown in Table 6-5. Table 6-5. Gas IC Engine CHP Typical Performance Parameters Cost and Performance Characteristics System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 System 5 Electric capacity (kW) Equipment cost ($/kW)* O&M cost ($/kWh)* Electric heat rate, HHV (Btu/kWh) Electrical efficiency, HHV (%) Fuel input (MMBtu/hr) CHP Characteristics Heat recovered (MMBtu/kWh) Total CHP efficiency (%) Power/heat ratio 100 300 1000 3,000 5,000 $900 $770 $720 $570 $550 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.008 0.008 11,500 11,000 10,200 9,533 9,213 29.7 31.0 33.5 35.8 37.0 1.11 3.29 10.2 28.6 46.1 5,593 5.093 3,709 3,281 3,345 78 77 70 70 73 0.61 0.67 0.92 1.04 1.02 * Costs for natural gas fueled engine-generator set only (gasification and fuel treatment not included). Source: NREL, 2003. A biogas-fired reciprocating engine system will encounter many of the same operating issues as a biogas-fired gas turbine: LFG, an anaerobic digester, or a biomass gasifier is needed to produce the biogas fuel for the engine. The biogas must be carefully filtered of PM to avoid damaging the engine. 6. Power Generation Technologies 72PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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