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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog The engine must be de-rated for burning low-Btu biogas rather than natural gas. The engines will require modification to accommodate higher flow rates and impurities. However, required modifications to reciprocating engines are achieved more easily. In most cases, more filtration devices and new manifolds are all that is required to accommodate medium-Btu gases such as landfill and digester gas, typically adding about 5 percent to the cost of a natural gas engine. In addition, the lower heating values of biogas result in about a 15 percent decrease in power output compared to a natural gas engine, further increasing the overall equipment cost on a per kilowatt basis. Maintenance issues associated with biogas use in reciprocating engines include increased wear and tear, more cleaning, and up to eight times more frequent oil changes. Total non-fuel O&M costs for a biogas engine are approximately 60 to 70 percent higher than for a natural gas engine.73 The recovery of heat from a reciprocating IC engine is more complex, but more flexible, than from a gas turbine. As illustrated in Figure 6-5, heat can be recovered not only from the exhaust, but also from the jacket water and the engine oil. The high-temperature heat source is the engine exhaust, at 600 1,200° F. Depending upon the design, between 1,000 and 2,200 Btu can be recovered from the exhaust per kilowatt of engine shaft power. The jacket water leaves the engine (shown in the lower left corner of the engine) at about 200° F. As much as 4,000 Btu/kWh of heat can be recovered from the jacket water, depending on the system design, but 2,500 Btu/kWh is more typical. In this diagram, the heat from the engine exhaust is used to heat the jacket water before it is sent to the heat exchanger. If the heat demand is less than the heat produced by the CHP system, some of the jacket water is shunted to the excess heat exchanger, where the heat is dumped to the atmosphere. After moving through the heat exchangers, the jacket water is pumped through the oil cooler heat exchanger (slightly heating the jacket water) and back into the engine. In a separate circuit, the engine lube oil is pumped from the oil pan through the oil cooler and back into the engine. Only 300 to 900 Btu/kWh can be recovered from the engine lube oil. Another heat source (not shown) is turbocharger intercooling and aftercooling, which may be either separate or part of the jacket cooling system. The three potential heat loops offer an opportunity to design the heat recovery to most closely match the heat load of the site. Figure 6-5. Closed-Loop Heat Recovery System for a Reciprocating IC Engine Source: EPA, 2004b. There are a large number of gas IC engines operating on medium-Btu gas from landfills, wastewater treatment plants, and some installations at animal feedlots. Major engine manufacturers offer engine configuration packages and ratings specifically for medium-Btu gas. Additionally, some modular 73 Resource Dynamics Corporation, 2004. 6. Power Generation Technologies 73PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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