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EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership Biomass CHP Catalog biomass gasification development and demonstration projects fire a low-Btu biogas in reciprocating IC engines. These systems require a supplementary liquid or gaseous fuel for start-up. 6.5 Fuel Cell Systems Fuel cells are an emerging small-scale power generation technology with high electrical efficiency and very low emissions. In fuel cells, the fuel is chemically combined with oxygen to create electricity, with useful heat as a byproduct. Because there is no combustion, fuel cells are quiet, have no moving parts, and can achieve electric efficiencies up to two times greater than internal combustion engines. Fuel cells can be sized for a wide variety of applications—from laptop computers (50 to 100 watts) to vehicles (50 to 85 kW) to central power generation (0.2 to 2 MW). Cost and durability are the major challenges to fuel cell commercialization. Fuel cells are currently more expensive than internal combustion engines and have difficulty maintaining performance over the full useful life of the load served. The size, weight, thermal management, and water management of fuel cells are also barriers. A fuel cell power system has many components, but its heart is a fuel cell “stack.” The stack is actually made of many thin, flat fuel cells layered together. The term “fuel cell” is often used to refer to the entire stack, but strictly speaking, it refers only to the individual cells. A single cell produces a small amount of electricity, but hundreds of cells can be stacked together to produce a useable quantity of electricity. A single fuel cell consists of an electrolyte and two catalyst-coated electrodes (a porous anode and cathode). Several different types of fuel cells are currently under development—each classified primarily by the kind of electrolyte it uses. The electrolyte determines the kind of chemical reactions that take place in the cell (see discussion below), the temperature range in which the cell operates, and other factors that affect the applications for which the fuel cell is most suitable, as well as its advantages and limitations. Fuel cells require hydrogen for operation74. However, it is generally impractical to use hydrogen directly as a fuel source; instead it is extracted from hydrocarbon fuels or biogas feed using a reformer. The reformers produce and/or increase the concentration of hydrogen and decrease the concentration of gas species toxic to the fuel cell. In all three types of reformers (partial oxidation, autothermal reformation, and preferential oxidation), fuel processing techniques use some of the energy contained in the fuel to convert the hydrocarbons to hydrogen and CO. The reforming process is often performed at elevated pressure to allow a smaller equipment footprint. Four main types of fuel cells are in various phases of development for stationary applications: phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). To date, only the PAFC and the MCFC have operated on biogas. Typical performance and cost characteristics of fuel cells based on natural gas fuel are shown in Table 6-6. As listed in Table 6-7, the fuel cell technology determines what constituents are desirable and acceptable in the processed fuel and oxidant streams. For example, fuel sent to a PAFC needs to be hydrogen-rich and have less than 5 percent CO, while both the MCFC and SOFC are capable of utilizing CO. PEMFCs require a pure hydrogen stream with less than 10 parts per million (ppm) CO. SOFCs and internal reforming MCFCs are capable of utilizing methane from anaerobic digesters or LFG within the cell, whereas PAFCs are not (PAFCs need an external reformer and have a low tolerance for methane 74 Direct methanol fuel cells are under development. 6. Power Generation Technologies 74PDF Image | Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies
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